Common sense principle

Another principle, which we might call the "common sense principle" for immersed objects, is one we ve used in the last two problems ... 

Consider the following common sense principle taken from figure 7.2 Two objects cannot occupy tbe same place at tbe same time. 

Appreciating this principle is key to understanding people and realizing the importance of actively listening to others before intervening. It also supports the need to depend on objective, systematic observation for knowledge rather than common sense (Principle 8). 

For thousands of years, hopes of continuous improvement in safety have been based on a series of fundamentals which have not varied much, although they appear to be self-evident, common sense principles. Five recurring themes can be identified in our thinking and our actions. 

There is generally considered to be five distinct simple machines lever, wedge, wheel and axle, pulley, and screw. The transmission of energy by these simple machines is so basic that people use them with little understanding of the physical principles involved. Most learn their use intuitively, through experience, and consider their application just plain common sense. 

In the majority of cases common sense, combined with basic engineering principles, should be sufficient to ensure good service from the tower on a continuous basis. The reputable supplier will always be ready to help and advise. If the advice is sought in time, many of the problems associated with the changes mentioned need never arise. 

Kapur (1988) has listed thirty-six characteristics or principles of mathematical modelling. These are very much a matter of common sense, but it is very important to have them restated, as it is often very easy to lose sight of the principles during the active involvement of modelling. They can be summarised as follows ... 

Inherent safety has first widely expressed in the late 1970 s by Trevor Kletz. The basic principles are common sense and include avoiding the use of hazardous materials, minimising the inventories of hazardous materials and aiming for simpler processes with more bening and moderate process alternatives (Kletz, 1984). 

The results received form the optimization using inherent safety as the objective function are somewhat different compared to those calculated with an economic objective function earlier (Hurme, 1996). With the inherent safety objective function the simple distillations were favoured more than with the economic function. Exceptions are cases where the extractive distillation could improve separation very dramatically. This is because in simple distillations only one column is required per split, but in extractive distillation two columns are needed, since the solvent has to be separated too. This causes larger fluid inventory since also the extraction solvent is highly flammable. The results of the calculation are well justified by common sense, since one of the principles of inherent safety is to use simpler designs and reduce inventories to enhance safety. 

There are a few underlying principles which, if understood, will reduce the majority, if not all, of a long list of dos and don ts to common sense. 

The most important step towards a preventive regime, one that truly has protection of human health and the environment at its core, is to give a central place in chemicals legislation to the Substitution Principle. This can be defined quite simply as the substitution of hazardous substances by less hazardous, or preferably non-hazardous, alternatives where such alternatives are available. It means that if a product that uses a hazardous chemical can be manufactured using a safer alternative, at a reasonable cost, the hazardous substance will no longer be permitted for that use. Common sense Yes, but currently things do not work that way, and many hazardous substances are used without need, simply because there is no legislative or economic reason for substitution to take place systematically. 

The essential requirements contained in Aimex I of each new approach Directive specify the aspects of safety and performance that must be satisfied at the time at which a relevant product is placed on the market. Essential requirements are stated as principles or as generalised aspects and exclude detailed technical requirements. The scheme of the Community s new approach is that detailed technical aspects are not required as legal obligations but, if they are generally accepted, may be applied voluntarily by manufacturers through being included in official standards. The essential requirements are intended to be comprehensive and all must be satisfied save for those requirements that do not apply to a particular product as a matter of common sense. 

In constructing a localized MO for the bond A—B it is necessary to specify an orbital centred on A (tpA) and an orbital centred on B (y ). In principle, provided symmetry about the bond axis is preserved (we are still considering only cr-bonded systems), our choice of tpA and pB is not restricted and we could use any well-defined mathematical function or combination of functions. Common sense, however, dictates that the most sensible functions to use for this purpose are the AOs of the free atoms A and B. There are three reasons why this is a sensible choice one mathematical, one chemical, and one practical. 

J. H. Fletcher, 0. C. Dermer, and R. B. Fox, Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Principles and Practice, Advances in Chemistry Series No. 126, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1974. This book has a common sense approach to organic nomenclature and proposes abandoning many of the trivial names now in use, even when such use may be widespread. We shall most often use the conventions which are the authors first choices, and will give in parentheses names which are widely accepted but often quite unsystematic. 

The structure so far characterized is one way of viewing what might be called absolute space . And as I said, it is plausible to suppose that such a view of space is latent in common-sense conceptions. Aristotelian peyeGo however, is not absolute space. As the informal discussion of extension brought out, when we move to Aristotelian peyeGoi we can keep the idea of a structure stratified into hyper-planes of simultaneity but we must abandon the fixity principle. Suppose, then, that there is a structure M that contains simultaneity hyper-planes. And suppose that a rigging connects the points in the various simultaneity planes. But suppose that the fixity principle is false. In other words, suppose that it is possible that... 

Laboratory workers should remember that injuries can and do occur outside the laboratory in other work areas. It is important that safety principles be practiced in offices, stairways, corridors, and similar places. Here, safety is largely a matter of common sense, but constant awareness of everyday hazards is vital. 

K-nearest neighbors (KNN) is the name of a classification method that is unsupervised in the sense that class membership is not used to train the technique, but that makes predictions of class membership. The principle behind KNN is an appealingly common sense one objects that are close together in the descriptor space are expected to show similar behavior in their response. Figure 7.5 shows a two-dimensional representation of the way that KNN operates. 

The principle for the documentation trail and qualification process surrounding the purchase installation of equipment is a matter of common sense. The following terms are by no means universal but the principle and elements of these are essential to meeting cGMP. 

Many novel therapies could be considered high risk if only based on their uniqueness and lack of precedence. The introduction of novel therapies into the clinic has been facilitated by the cooperation between industry and regulatory scientists, and an adherence to sound scientific principles, common sense, and an approach based on flexibility. The case-by-case approach is dependent on acceptance by both regulators and industry that the interpretation of the data has to reflect best scientific practice and that no study in experimental animals can predict with certainty the outcome when a drug is given to humans [40]. 

Modern psychiatric drug treatment gains its credibility from a number of assumptions that professionals and laypersons alike too often accept as scientifically proven. These underlying assumptions qualify as myths fictions that support a belief system and a set of practices. In contrast to these myths, this book identifies principles of psychopharmacology that are based on scientific and clinical evidence as well as on common sense. 

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