Ice breakers

Serious pitting may occur in the area of welds, particularly in sea-water. Corrosion rates of up to lOmm/y have been reported in weld joints of ice-breakers. The severe corrosion has been attributed to galvanic effects between the weld metal and the steel plate. The use of more noble electrodes for welding are reported to overcome this problem . 

A dock had to be built where the water temperature is rarely above 40°F (5°C) the tides are 30 ft (9m) high there is a tidal current of 6 or 7 knots (1 1-13 km/h) and the water is so turbid that the divers must be guided mainly by touch. The docks also had to be protected by ice-breakers. These are built into the harbor to prevent large icebergs from hitting the dock before they are reduced into smaller pieces. 

I am extraordinarily impressed. To my knowledge, you are the first expert in Germany who has addressed this particular topic in a scholarly impeccable and well-founded way. It is not for me to attribute an ice-breaker function to your expert report It is easy to see which political-historical effects will originate from it, though its entire dimension cannot yet be estimated. Prof. Dr. Hellmut Diwald, Historian, January 22,1992... 

Nickel Ni 6-9, C 0.2-0.5 Low-temperature toughness Snowmobile parts, ice-breakers, armor plate (as 6.5% Ni)... 

You can use this as an ice-breaker for someone you ve just met or you can do this on one of the first few dates to gain more insight into the person. In either case, you have an unprecedented opportunity to crawl inside his or her brain and leave trails of intimacy. In other words, as you describe someone s personality to a Y, s/he will be in a natural state of fascination and undivided attention. Use this opportunity to deepen the levels of rapport and embed, embed, embed commands. The person you analyzed should walk away not only being impressed because you knew so much from handwriting alone, but completely attached to you because you understand me like nobody else in the whole world In addition to that level of rapport, as you describe traits she likes in a person, you happen to fulfill all of that criteria. Experiment with the descriptions and word phrases to best suite your own personality. 

First civilian ship reactor used in the ice-breaker Lenin, launched in the USSR. 

The Russian Federation possesses a powerful ice breaker transport fleet which offers a solution for important socio-economic tasks of the country s northern regions by maintaining year-round navigation along the Arctic sea route. 

The first nuclear ice breaker was laid in 1956 and commissioned in 1959. This year (1999) becomes the 40 in the history of the Russian civil nuclear powered fleet, which consists of seven nuclear ice breakers and one transport (lighter carrier) ship. Nuclear powered ship reactor characteristics are presented in Table I. 

All Russian nuclear powered ice breakers use a KLT-40 reactor type design, the safety features of which are as follows ... 

Name of ship Year of commissioning No. of reactors Ice breakers Power Working MW(fli), power, max. MW(th) Core enrichment, % U235 content of a core,kg Core life years... 

Statiis and prospects of propulsion reactor (PR) applications. The PRs for ice-breakers and ships have accumulated about 150 reactor-years of successful operation. Recent developments in the Russian Federation, Canada, China and other countries have demonstrated, that power reactors originally designed for ship propulsion could be used for electricity and heat generation. Use of proven PR technology and new developments on small reactor (SR) presents a broader nuclear power options to meet individual Member States needs for land-based and floating SRs. 

ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF ATETS WITH KLT-40C RP Based bn operation experience of nuclear ice-breaker fleet (more than 150 reactor-years nether) ... 

In addition, there are three Soviet nuclear-powered ice breakers—this is an important duty, as many ports are ice-bound in winter and oil and gas supplies are close to the Arctic Ocean. There are plans for nuclear oil tankers too. 

The KLT-40 is a twin-reactor system intended to produce fresh water and electric power in different proportions. It may also be used for heat production in a co-generation cycle. The KLT-40 design is based entirely on the serially produced marine NSSS being used in the Russian nuclear-powered ice-breakers. 

The reactor with all its equipment has been developed as an ice-breaker propulsion... 

The KLT-40 plant is senally produced and has been operating in nuclear ice-breakers and in the"Sevmorput lighter-containership with an accumulated experience 140 of reactor-years, therefore no R D is needed. 

The cost of the KLT-40 reactor plant including main equipment, metal-water shielding tank, biological shield and protective shell (containment) according to the actual data for Russian-Finland construction of the nuclear ice-breaker "Taimyr" is 30 million US dollars. 

Kovalenko W.K., Melnikov E.M., Mitenkov F.M., Movshevich S.M., Pologikh B.G., Khlopkin N.S., Yakovlev O.A. - Nuclear Steam Generating Plants of Ice-breakers and Their Operating Experience - Report to Hamburg Conference, 1979. 

SAKHA NPP is being developed on the basis of solid experience of construction and operation of nuclear ice-breakers power plants, on proven prototypes. Further R D is needed. Licensing status Preliminary design study. 

The United States also built and operated one nuclear-powered cargo vessel, but abandoned it as uneconomical compared to the cost of oil-powered vessels, in the 1960 period, when the cost of a barrel of oil was in the range of about 10. The Soviet Union built and launched two nuclear-powered ice breakers, and after the end of the Cold War were put into service primarily for tourist-associated business involving travel to the poles. The economics of construction and operation of new nuclear-powered commercial ships has not drawn much attention in the last several decades, despite the cost of petroleum hovering around the 100 per barrel range. Fuel costs for shipping of goods and materials is a relatively small fraction of the wholesale costs. 

Technologies of the KLT-40S ice-breaker reactor for the pilot floating NPP (floating NPP design) Detailed designs of the reactor installation and floating power unit have been developed a license for floating NPP construction has been obtained. 

The ABV reactor core is of a unified design (see Fig. V-2) similar core has been developed and qualified for the pilot nuclear cogeneration plant with the KLT-40S reactors. Solutions developed for the ice-breaker reactor cores and used in the ABV core are the following ... 

Fuel fraction and burnable absorber profiling in the core, similar to those used in operating ice-breaker reactors, are employed to minimize power peaking and non-uniformities in fuel burn-up in the core, contributing to an improved fuel utilization. 

Fuel element Fuel pins similar in design to standard fuel elements of nuclear ice-breakers... 

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