I apoptosis

Sathasivam, S., Ince, P. G. and Shaw, P. I. Apoptosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis a review of the evidence. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 27 257-274,2001. 

Majno G, Joris I. Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am J Pathol 1995 146 3-15. 

Blanchard KT,Allard EK, Boekelheide K. 1996. Fate of germ cells in 2,5-hexane-dione-induced testicular injury. I. Apoptosis is the mechanism of germ cell death. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 137 141 —48... 

Caspases. Table 1 Diseases associated with inappropriate caspase activation. Contribution of apoptosis (A) and inflammation (I) are indicated... 

Apart from these two Vertex compounds, only one other caspase inhibitor, BDN-6556, has been used in clinical trials. This compound belongs to the class of oxamyl dipeptides and was originally developed by Idun Pharmaceuticals (taken over by Pfizer). It is the only pan-caspase inhibitor that has been evaluated in humans. BDN-6556 displays inhibitory activity against all tested human caspases. It is also an irreversible, caspase-specific inhibitor that does not inhibit other major classes of proteases, or other enzymes or receptors. The therapeutic potential of BDN-6556 was first evaluated in several animal models of liver disease because numerous publications suggested that apoptosis contributes substantially to the development of some hepatic diseases, such as alcoholic hepatitis, hepatitis B and C (HBV, HCV), non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH), and ischemia/reperfusion injury associated with liver transplant. Accordingly, BDN-6556 was tested in a phase I study. The drug was safe and... 

This class of lymphocytes differentiates from immuno-logically incompetent hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow within the thymus - hence, the name thymus-dependent (T-) lymphocytes. Two major subclasses develop simultaneously, T-helper lymphocytes (Th) and cytotoxic effector lymphocytes (Tc). The cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (carrying on the surface the differentiation marker CD8) destroy cells, which cany their cognate antigen bound to MHC class I molecules on the surface by inducing apoptosis. From an evolutionary point of view Tc cells appear to have developed predominantly to cope with vims infections. As vituses can only replicate within cells, Tc eliminate them by destroying their producers. 

Lazebnik Y. Can a biologist fix a radio Or, what I learned while studying apoptosis. Cancer Cell 2002 2 179-82. 

SMITH T K, LUND E K and JOHNSON I T (1998) Inhibition of dimethylhydrazine-induced aberrant crypt foci an induction of apoptosis in rat colon following oral administration of the glucosinolate sinigrin , Carcinogenesis, 19, 267-73. 

JOHNSON, I T (2001) Mechanisms and possible anticarcinogenic effects of diet related apoptosis in colorectal mucosa . Nutrition Research Reviews, 14 229-56. 

CLARKE R G, LUND E K, JOHNSON I T aud PINDER A c (2000) Apoptosis cau he detected in attached colonic adenocarcinoma HT29 cells using annexin V binding, hut uot hy TUNEL assay or suh-GO DNA content . Cytometry, 39 141-50. 

SALTI G I, GREWAL S, MEHTA R R, DAS GUPTA T K, BODDIE A W, CONSTANTINOU A I (2000) Genistein induces apoptosis and topisomerase Il-mediated DNA breakage in colon cancer c lli. Eur J Cancer. 36 796-802. 

SPINOZZI F, PAGLIACCI M C, MIGLIORATI G, MORACA R, GRIGANI F, RICCARDI C, NICOLETTI I (1994) The natural tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein produces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Jurkat T-leukemia cells. LeukRes. 18 431-9. 

As inhibitors of certain enzyme reactions and apoptosis related to the development of cancer (Naasani et al, 1998 Yang et al, 2001), specifically by selective induction or modification of phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes so as to increase the formation and excretion of detoxified metabolites of carcinogens. 

HAGUE A, MANNING A M, HANLON K A, HUSCHTSCHA L I, HART D, PARASKEVA C (1993) Sodium butyrate induces apoptosis in human colonic tumour cell lines in a p53-independent pathway impUcations for the possible role of dietary fibre in the prevention of large-bowel cancer. /ni J Cancer. 55 498-505. 

Sandur, S.K. et ah, Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) suppresses NF-kappa B activation and NF-kappa B-regulated gene products through modulation of p65 and I-kappa-B-alpha kinase activation, leading to potentiation of apoptosis induced by cytokine and chemotherapeutic agent, J. Biol. Chem., 281, 17023, 2006. 

Lee, J.I. et al., Beta-lapachone induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in bladder cancer cells by modulation of Bcl-2 family and activation of caspases, Exp. Oncol., 28, 30, 2006. 

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