Hypoxia animal models

A series of dihydrodibenzoxepines, represented by AJ3941, was tested in animal models of global ischaemia and hypoxia, and found to be protective. AJ3941 is an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation (Kurakawa etal., 1991). A novel quinazoline fumarate (KB56666, was found to inhibit lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates and isolated mitochondria. In a rat focal stroke model, KE56666 prevented brain oedema and neuronal damage in the ischaemic zone (Hara etal., 1991). 

Thrombolytics and drugs targeting several injury pathways have shown efficacy in models of hypoxia-ischemia. A number of neuroprotective strategies have been identified in animal models of ischemia, and many... 

Acute high-altitude studies of both human and animal models indicate that hypoxia defenses are initiated by several oxygen sensing, signal transduction pathways. For convenience, these have been summarized as five general hypoxia response systems (figure 5.2(A)-(E) ... 

Hlinak, Z., Krejci, I. (1990). Long-term behavioural consequences of sodium nitrite hypoxia An animal model. Activitas Nervosa Supererior, 32, 48—49. 

The complexity and plasticity of BBB properties called for experimental dissection of the disrnption process in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Multiple cell and organ cnltnres, animal models, and measurement techniques have been developed, each of which addresses some of the issues involved. The development of research into BBB characteristics was initially approached in avian embryos, where transplanted endothelial quail cells invaded a developing chick chimera. A simpler cell culture model of the BBB was developed by Rubin and co-workers. More recently, an immortalized cell line created from vascular endothelial cells was used to develop another model of the BBB in co-cultures with glioma cells and was used to demonstrate nitric oxide-induced perturbations of these cells. hi another cell culture model, hypoxia was shown to increase the susceptibility to oxidative stress and intercellular permeability. ... 

In response to sustained hypoxia, the model predicts a sudden increase in plasma erythropoietin concentration followed by a rapid decrease with the maximum at approximately 12 hours. This type of response has been reported for man and animals (9, 10, II, 12). However, in contrast to the reported experimental data, the erythropoietin levels predicted by the original model did not return to baseline levels after a few days of hypoxia. It appears that some mechanism not included in the model allows a continuing high level of erythropoiesis even after the plasma erythropoietin concentration has returned to near baseline levels. Such a mechanism has been proposed by Kretchmar in a model for the action of erythropoietin (13). His model predicts that the sensitivity of erythropoietin depends on the preceding level of stem cell differentiation. Increased erythropoietin concentration causes an immediate increase in stem cell differentiation as well as an increase in the effectiveness of erythropoietin during a subsequent period. His model also predicts a temporary reduction in the effectiveness of erythropoietin between an initial increase in erythropoietin concentration and the subsequent increase in erythropoietin effectiveness. 

McKenzie H, Parratt D, White RG (1976) IgM and IgG antibody levels to ampicillin in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Clin Exp Immunol 26 214-221 McLain GE, Sipes IG, Brown BR Jr (1979) An animal model of halothane hepatotoxicity roles of enzyme induction and hypoxia. Anesthesiology 51 321-326 Meadows M (2001) Serious liver injury. Leading reason for drug removals, restrictions. FDA Consum 35 8-9... 

A. Both dextromethorphan and its o-demethylated metabolite appear to antagonize /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, which may explain anticonvulsant properties and protection against hypoxia-ischemia observed in animal models. 

Several reviews have highlighted the benefit of targeting tumor hypoxia, generally, and the HIF-1 pathway, specifically, in treating solid tumors [13, 77, 189]. Therefore, I will focus on those pathways and inhibitors that have been tested in vitro in breast cancer cell lines, that have been tested for efficacy in animal models of cancer, or that have been used successfully in clinical trials to treat solid tumors. 

The measurement of total N02 and N03 in blood is an index of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity (TessaroUo et al., 2015). Moreover, the high altitude subjects suffer from the reduction of N02 level in their blood, leading to several diseases at hypoxia conditions (Kim et al., 2003). Recent studies reported that the administration of N03 -rich beetroot juice to human and several animal models promotes NO-like... 

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