Stem cells differentiation

Burdick JA, Vunjak-Novakovic G (2009) Engineered microenvironments for controlled stem cell differentiation. Tissue Eng A 15 205-219... 

Figure 7.3. All skeletal tissues arise from a single cell type, the mesenchymal stem cell. Differentiation into bone, cartilage, muscle, or ligament occurs in response to the mechanical and biochemical stimuli of the stem cell s environment.

Hematopoiesis is defined as the development and maturation of blood cells and their precursors. In utero, hematopoiesis may occur in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. However, after birth, it occurs exclusively in the bone marrow. All blood cells are generated from a common hematopoietic precursor, or stem cell. These stem cells are self-renewing and pluripotent and thus are able to commit to any one of the different lines of maturation that give rise to platelet-producing megakaryocytes, lymphoid, erythroid, and myeloid cells. The myeloid cell line produces monocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils, whereas the lymphoid stem cell differentiates to form circulating B and T lymphocytes. In contrast to the ordered development of normal cells, the development of leukemia seems to represent an arrest in differentiation at an early phase in the continuum of stem cell to mature cell.1... 

Nakajima M, Ishimuro T, Kato K, Ko IK, Hirata I, Arima Y, Iwata H (2007) Combinatorial protein display for the cell-based screening of biomaterials that direct neural stem cell differentiation. Biomaterials 28 1048-1060... 

Richardson SM et al (2008) Human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to NP-like cells in chitosan-glycerophosphate hydrogels. Biomaterials 29(1 ) 85—93... 

Korecki CL et al (2010) Notochordal cell conditioned medium stimulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward a young nucleus pulposus phenotype. Stem Cell Res Ther 1(2) 18... 

Richardson SM et al (2006) Intervertebral disc cell-mediated mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Stem Cells 24(3) 707-716... 

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by a decrease in blood neutrophil count below 1.5 X 109 cells per litre a normal blood count is (2.0-7.5) X 109 cells per litre. Its clinical symptoms include the occurrence of frequent and usually serious infections, often requiring hospitalization. Neutropenia may be caused by a number of factors (Table 10.6), at least some of which are responsive to CSF treatment. Particularly noteworthy is neutropenia triggered by administration of chemotherapeutic drugs to cancer patients. Chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and methotrexate), when administered at therapeutically effective doses, often induce the destruction of stem cells and/or compromise stem cell differentiation. 

Smith, A. G., Heath, J. K., Donaldson, D. D. et al. Inhibition of pluripotential embryonic stem cell differentiation by purified polypeptides. Nature 336 688-690,1988. 

Christensen JL, Weissman IL. Flk-2 is a marker in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation a simple method to isolate long-term stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001 98 14541-14546. 

Wiktor-JedrzeJczak, W., Skelly, R.R., and Ahmed, A. (1981) Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation and Its Role in Osteopetrosis. Immunologic Implications. In M.E. Gershwin and B. Merchant (eds.). Immunologic Defects in Laboratory Animals. Plenum Press, New York, vol. 1, pp. 51-77. 

Toma C, Pittenger MF, Cahill KS, Byrne BJ and Kessler PD (2002). Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyoc3 te phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation 105 93 98. 

Silva GV, Litovsky S, Assad JA, Sousa AL, Martin BJ, Vela D, Coulter SC, Lin J, Ober J, Vaughn WK, Branco RV, Oliveira EM, He R, Geng YJ, Willerson JT, Perin EC. Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into an endothelial phenotype, enhance vascular density, and improve heart function in a canine chronic ischemia model. Circulation 2005 111 150-156. 

Jaiswal RK, Jaiswal N, Bruder SP, Mbalaviele G, Marshak DR, Pittenger ME. Adult human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to the osteogenic or adipogenic lineage is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2000 275 9645-9652. 

Cummings, B.J., Uchida, N., Tamaki, S.J., Salazar, D.L., Hooshmand, M., Summers, R., Gage, F.H., Anderson, A.J. (2005). Human neural stem cells differentiate and promote locomotor recovery in spinal cord-injured mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 102, 14069-74. 

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