Hydrolysis The reaction of a substance with

Hydrolysis. The reaction of a substance with water a metathetical reaction involving water and producing substances containing fragments of the water molecule in their composition. 

Solvolysis is the reaction of a substance with the solvent in which it is dissolved. The solvolysis reactions that we will consider in this chapter occur in aqueous solutions so they are called hydrolysis reactions. Hydrolysis is the reaction of a substance with water. Some hydrolysis reactions involve reaction with H3O+ or OH ions. One common kind of hydrolysis involves reaction of the anion of a weak add with water to form nonionized acid molecules and OH ions. This upsets the H30 /0H balance in water and produces basic solutions. This reaction is usually represented as... 

Hydrolysis is the reaction of a compound with the elements of water whereby decomposition of the substance occurs. The reaction produces one or more new substances. 

Hydrolysis. The chemical reaction of a substance with water to form one or more new substances. Examples of hydrolysis are the catalytic conversion of starch into glucose the catalytic or enzymatic conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose the conversion of natural fats into fatty acids and glycerin... 

To ascertain whether tritium could have entered the polyisobutylenes by a process other than the hydrolysis of a carbon-aluminium bond, we tested the reaction of suitable polymers with aluminium bromide. The polyisobutylenes were dissolved in ethyl bromide, and phials of aluminium bromide were crushed into these solutions, which were subsequently kept at 0 °C for ca. 15 minutes, and then hydrolysed in the usual way with tritiated water. The three substances examined in this way were polyisobutylenes of high and low DP, and nonadecane. The polyisobutylenes contain approximately one double bond per molecule. The results in... 

The perchlorates of various secondary amines, such as diphenylamine and indole derivatives, are colorless.64 The similarity of colors produced in the presence of hydrochloric acid also attests to the non-auxochromic character of the perchlorate ion in the production of the colored derivative. Consequently, the only role attributable to the perchloric acid in this test is that with nucleic acids it leads to more effective hydrolysis and releases more 2-desoxyribose for reaction with tryptophan. This reaction leads to the production of a substance of the type represented by XV and XVI (R " = H), and the increase in the number of conjugated double bonds results in the product being colored. With ribose, which has a free hydroxyl group at carbon atom 2, a ketone of the type shown in XVII can be formed, and in this case the net result is no increase in the number of double bonds conjugated with the indole nucleus and no comparable increase in color. Hence the test will distinguish between ribose and 2-desoxyribose. 

The carbohydrate-binding specificity of purified Dolichos biflorus lectin has been studied in detail by Etzler and Kabat.108 In precipitin studies conducted on the Dolichos lectin, 87-99% was precipitated by ovarian cyst A substance, whereas only 60-70% was precipitated by hog A substance the latter result was attributed to the formation of soluble, lectin-oligosaccharide complexes. At substances were more reactive than A2 substances however, no reaction was observed with B or O substances, even following mild hydrolysis with acid or two stepwise, Smith degradations. N-Deacetylation of A substance with... 

The first method for synthesis of arene complexes involved the reaction of chromium chlorides with phenylmagnesium bromide which was discovered by Hein as early as 1919. For a long time it was believed that the products of these reactions are phenylchromium compounds (Ph Cr). However, in the 1950s it was established that these derivatives are actually sandwich arene compounds. The tetrahydrofuran solvate of chromium chloride reacts with PhMgBr to form triphenylchromium which, after heating or under the influence of ether, forms a black pyrophoric substance. Hydrolysis... 

It is significant that the most effective volatile corrosion inhibitors are the products of the reaction of a weak volatile base with a weak volatile acid. Such substances, although ionized in aqueous solutions, undergo substantial hydrolysis (reaction with water), the extent of... 

The hydrolysis of amides and nitriles may be conducted not only in acid solution but also in the presence of alkali. When dealing with substances soluble in water only with difficulty, it is customary to use alcohol as a solvent. In the latter instance, in connection with acid hydrolysis, the organic acid formed in the reaction is partially converted into an ester, whereas ammonia, or a substituted ammonia, will be present in the form of a salt with the inorganic acid used. When the hydrolysis is conducted in the presence of alkali, the organic acid is present as the sodium or potassium salt, whereas the amine is liberated and, if volatile, may be lost when the reaction mixture is refluxed. Type experiments are illustrated in connection with the laboratory work, page 146. 

Because of its basic nature the compound is tested with acetic anhydride. Since the reaction product is insoluble in dilute acid, we conclude that the unknown is either a I or II amine, but the siilfoiiN l chloride test in this case will not differentiate between these two classes. Why not Attempted hydrolysis bj boiling in both acid and alkaline solution (why may aqueous instead of alcoholic solutions be used ) indicates the presence of a substance stable towards hydrolysis. 

A catalyst is defined as a substance that influences the rate or the direction of a chemical reaction without being consumed. Homogeneous catalytic processes are where the catalyst is dissolved in a liquid reaction medium. The varieties of chemical species that may act as homogeneous catalysts include anions, cations, neutral species, enzymes, and association complexes. In acid-base catalysis, one step in the reaction mechanism consists of a proton transfer between the catalyst and the substrate. The protonated reactant species or intermediate further reacts with either another species in the solution or by a decomposition process. Table 1-1 shows typical reactions of an acid-base catalysis. An example of an acid-base catalysis in solution is hydrolysis of esters by acids. 

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction, other than by a medium effect, regardless of the ultimate fate of this substance. For example, in hydroxide-catalyzed ester hydrolysis the catalyst OH is consumed by reaction with the product acid some writers, therefore, call this a hydroxide-promoted reaction, because the catalyst is not regenerated, although the essential chemical event is a catalysis. 

Example CH3CH=CH2 + HC1 - CH3CHC1CH3. hydrolysis reaction The reaction of water with a substance, resulting in the formation of a nev element-oxygen bond. Example PCl5(s) +... 

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