Reductants tested

Hydrolysis by acids. Sucrose is readily hydrolysed by dilute acids. Dissolve 0 5 g. of sucrose in 5 ml. of water, add 2 ml. of dil. H2SO4 and heat in a boiling water-bath for 5 minutes. Cool and show that the solution has reducing properties, and will form glucosazone. Note that the excess of acid must be neutralised before carrying out the reduction tests. 

Disinfection tests can be classified according to the test organism, ie, whether the test employs certain species of bacteria, fungi, or vimses classified as to whether it is a static test or a cidal test, as in a bactericidal vs bacteriostatic test or sporicidal vs sporistatic test or classified as to whether it is a microbial reduction test or an end-point test where all the organisms in the test are apparently killed. Procedures may be distinguished by in vitro or in vivo testing. Another way to consider tests is whether they are screening tests, practical type laboratory tests, or field tests. 

When testing for a tannin reserve or tannin index, the presence of natural color aids detection. Testing for tannin is simple and relatively accurate using either a permanganate reduction test (development of permanent purple color) or lignin/tannic acid polymer test (tungstate blue color). 

Maintain a BW reserve of 0.75 to 1.25 ppm MEKO, using an iron reduction test. 

Competitive reduction tests for cyclohexanone styrene, under transfer conditions, show preferential reduction of cyclohexanone however, under hydrogenation conditions the styrene is reduced exclusively.99 It is worth mentioning that the OsH2(r)2-H2)(CO)(P Pr3)2 precatalyst, formed by addition of NaBH4 to OsHCl (CO)(P Pr3)2, rapidly reduces phenylacetylene to styrene, under transfer conditions, but the reaction rate falls progressively due to the formation of Os(C=CPh)2 (CO)(P Pr3)2.72 As previously mentioned, an alkynyl-dihydrogen intermediate... 

Finally, the methemoglobin reduction test may be briefly mentioned. The test has been developed for the detection of primaquine sensitivity and depends on the function of the G-6-PDH system. Its principle consists in the oxidation of Hb to MHb by sodium nitrite and the subsequent enzymatic reduction to Hb in presence of methylene blue. The activity of this system can be followed easily by observation of alterations in color after an incubation period or by means of MHb determinations before and after this period (B18). 

B18. Brewer, G. J., Tarlov, A. R., and Alving, A. S., Methemoglobin reduction test Bud. World Health Organization 22, 633-644 (I960). 

However, fullerene C60-modified surface is adequate for the adhesion and normal growth of cells in culture. Cells of the line MA-104 in the Eagle-MEM medium formed on fullerene film a normal monolayer. Cellular viability was assessed with the resazurin (Alamar Blue) reduction test. The dye resazurin is reduced by mitochondrial dehydrogenases of viable cells into the fluorescent product resorufin (maximum X = 530 nm, max X = 590 nm). The intensity of... 

Table 7.2 Cellular viability of MA-104 culture grown on fullerene on the surfaces (FoS) during 72 h. (resazurin reduction test)...

Visit the following Demonstration II test units AEA 12 kW SILVER II test unit for energetics, AEA 2 kW SILVER II test unit for agent, Eco Logic gas-phase chemical reduction test unit. 

Figure 8.2 Pattern of concentrated explosive residue, Croatia, Area Reduction Test Site, May/September 2002. Shaded areas represent standing and flowing water to 40 cm deep (Courtesy of Mark Fisher, Nomadics, Inc. Used by permission.)...

The Brilliant Black Reduction Test, Enterotox Labs., Krefeld, Germany. 

In 1989, an experimental study designed by the International Dairy Federation in 53 laboratories of 22 different countries to achieve deeper insight into state of proficiency of routinely applied tests showed that the most frequently used microbial inhibitor screening tests were the disc assays with Bacillus stearo-tliermopliilus, Delvotest-P, Brilliant black reduction test, acidification test, CHARM II test, and the Penzyme test (32), Currently available microbial inhibitor tests for screening of residual antibacterials in milk and milk products are presented in Table 27.1. 

Once a new case of resistance has been confirmed, detection will then most likely rely on the reduction of egg counts after treatment (faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT)). Allowance must be made for temporary sterilization of the worms, or in the case of tapeworms, destrobilation. Interpretation of results may be further complicated by development of immature forms in cases where drugs only kill adult worms. No such tests have been adequately investigated for detecting resistance in cestodes or trematodes. 

The characters for E and 3 C2 have opposite signs, and so to reach a sum of 48 in the reduction test will be unlikely except for IRs with a negative character for the class of 3 C2. Therefore we try first those IRs for which (3C2) is negative. T2g, Tiu, and T 2 all have... 

This new assay technique was developed independently by American and Australian workers who first established the connection between nitrogenase and hydrogenase, and showed the former could reduce a number of substrates other than nitrogen, for example nitrous oxide, azide, cyanide and, most usefully, acetylene. The latter is reduced to ethylene and this forms the basis of the acetylene reduction test. The material to be examined is briefly gassed with acetylene and the ethylene formed measured by gas chromatography. While this technique was being refined,... 

Typical plasma parameters of the reduction tests with hydrogen can be seen in Table 2. Feed rate of the starting powder was changed by the flow rate of the carrier gas. The specific energy was calculated as the ratio of plate power related to the powder feed rate. Hence, this parameter considers two process variables simultaneously. In each run three samples were collected from different regions of the plasma system (i) from the reactor wall, (ii) from the bottom of the reactor, and (iii) from the cyclone. Particles deposited to different places of the plasma reactor and the cyclone were subjected to different thermal effects, so they probably have different physical and chemical characteristics, as well. 

Oxidant Reduction test The Oxidant Reduction test evaluates the extent to which oxidative substances (e.g., chlorine, iodine, bromine) and some cationic metals (e.g., Cd, Cu, Ag, Hg) can be made less toxic or non-toxic by the addition of sodium thiosulfate. Sodium thiosulfate is typically added as a gradient of concentrations (based on its toxicity to the species of interest) to a single effluent concentration. 

R. Linder, Programme-controlled reduction test for blast-furnace burdens, J.I.S.I., 189 (1958) 233-243. 

Action of concentrated sulphuric acid Treat a small quantity (say, 0-1 g) of the substance with 1-2 ml concentrated sulphuric acid, and warm the mixture gently incline the mouth of the test tube away from the observer. (If chlorates or permanganates are suspected from the preliminary charcoal reduction tests to be present, very small quantities must be used (about 0 02 g) as a dangerous explosion may occur on warming.)... 

Action of concentrated sulphuric acid Treat 5-10 mg of the substance in a semimicro test-tube with 0-3-0-5 ml concentrated sulphuric acid. If no reaction occurs in the cold, place the tube in the hot water rack. (If chlorate is suspected from the preliminary charcoal reduction test to be present, use not more than 5 mg for this test, as an explosion may result on warming.)... 

When the catalyst is cupric chloride the reaction does not usually show high selectivity, since large quantities ofby-products are formed, such as methyl ether and methyl chloride. This does not occur when the reaction system consists of the reduction of a cupric compound, eg. Cu(OCHi)CI obtained by oxidizing a cuprous CuCl compound in methanol. A comparison of reduction tests performed in cupric chloride and CufOCH lCI under the same reaction conditions shows that the reactivity of the two systems is basically different (Table II). 

Tlie only other metals likely to give a blue colour are columbium, vanadium, motybdenum, and titanium. The colour due to columbium disappears on dilution. The colour due to vanadium may be obtained by means of tartaric acid, which gives no colour with tungsten. The colour formed on reduction of molybdenum is from iolet to black, while that due to titanium is iolet these elements can easily be separated from the tungsten before the reduction test is made. ... 

A positive result in the black copper reduction test, suggesting alcaptonuria, can follow the use of diatrizoate, iotalamate or iodipamide (320). 

The particle size reduction tests for various selected biomass types have been executed in the pilot installation of CIEMAT. A flow diagram of the installation is shown in Figure 1. Basically, the equipment consists of two hammer mills connected in series, the first one has a nominal power of 11 kW and is used for pre-grinding (emshing). The second hammer mill has a nominal power of 15 kW and is used for refining the pre-ground biomass. 

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