Aromatic hydrocarbons toluene

VII Aromatic hydrocarbons, toluene, halosubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro compounds, methylene chloride, aromatic ethers... 

Chemical/Physical. Kanno et al. (1982) studied the aqueous reaction of benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene, and naphthalene) with hypochlorous acid in the presence of ammonium ion. They reported that the aromatic ring was not chlorinated as expected (forming chlorobenzene) but was cleaved by chloramine forming cyanogen chloride (Kanno et al, 1982). 

Aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylenes, ethyl benzene, trimethylbenzenes, styrene, benzene) Insulation, textiles, disinfectants, plastics, paints, smoking... 

The KG/F values in aqueous systems for the solvents listed in Table 13-5 can be used as approximate values for other solvents with similar structures. The aromatic hydrocarbon, toluene, is in this respect an exception where its partition coefficient in the air/water system has a value of KG/F = 0.5. 

To address the primary compositional characteristics of coal-derived type synthetic fuels, a neat aromatic hydrocarbon (toluene) and a neat aliphatic hydrocarbon (n-octane) were selected for this study. 

Brown-Woodman PD, Webster WS, Huq F, et al. 1992. Assessment of interactive effects of the aromatic hydrocarbons toluene, xylene, and benzene on rat embryonic development in vitro. Teratology 45(3) 326. 

An aromatic hydrocarbon toluene would usually be preferred over benzene on safety grounds. 

Braungart et al. (1997) have also investigated emissions from 11 electronic devices in their desiccator. All products were operated during or immediately before the test. Unit-specific emission rates ranged from 5.9 pg/h (cellular phone) to 206 pg/h (electric shaver). Emission rates of 7 products were below 27 pg/h. Typical VOCs detected in the chamber air were aliphatic hydrocarbons (C10-C18), aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, o-, m- and p-xylene, C3-/C4-benzenes), 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, BHT (2,6-di-tert- butyl-4-methylphenol) and cyclohexanone. One electric shaver emitted large amounts of methylnaphthalenes. Emission rates of single compounds were well below 10 pg/h apart from one case in which the emission of 23 pg/h naphthalene from an electric hair drier was measured. 

Knowledge of the saturation concentrations of the organic condensable species remains incomplete. These concentrations are expected to vary significantly with temperature. The few available relevant measurements include the saturation vapor concentrations of mono-carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids (Tao and McMurry, 1989) and the )3-pinene aerosol products (Pandis et al., 1991). Saturation vapor concentrations of condensable products from the oxidation of some aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, m-xylene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) were estimated to lie in the range of 3 to 30 ppt (Seinfeld et al., 1987). 

Bis(l,5-cyclooctanediylboryl)diselenide is a lemon-colored crystalline solid (mp 135° without decomposition). The pure sublimed solid is oxygen and extremely moisture-sensitive, rapidly forming a precipitate of red selenium. Therefore, the inert gas such as pure Nj or Ar must be thoroughly dried in a tower ( 40 cm long), Ailed with an efficient solid desiccant such as NaAl(C2Hj)4. The diselenide is slightly soluble in hot aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, mesitylene). 

Nonpolar polymers (polyisoprene, polybutadiene) mix infinitely with alkanes (hexane, octane, etc.) but do not mix with such polar liquids as water and alcohols. Polar polymers (cellulose, polyvinylalcohol, etc.) do not mix with alkanes and readily swell in water. Polymers of the average polarity dissolve only in Uquids of average polarity. For example, polystyrene is not dissolved or swollen in water and alkanes but it is dissolved in aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, benzene, xylene), methyl ethyl ketone and some ethers. Polymethylmethacrylate is not dissolved nor swollen in water nor in alkanes but it is dissolved in dichloroethane. Polychloroprene does not dissolve in water, restrictedly swells in gasoline and dissolves in 1,2-dichloroethane and benzene. Solubility of polyvinylchloride was considered in terms of relationship between the size of a solvent molecule and the distance between polar groups in polymer. ... 

Aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylenes, naphtha, styrene)... 

Fast drying paints generally contain certain aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene and butyl acetate) and smaller volumes of chloroparaffins are used as plasticising agents for various paints, however, the effects of chloroparaffins on health is still a controversial issue and its use in paint applications are in decline. 

The behaviour at normal temperatures against aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene) corresponds to the case just discussed. At high temperatures ( 80 °C), however, the effect of swelling is irreversible organic solvents can dissolve even a HDPE material under these conditions. This very poor solubility of polyethylene requires special high-temperature equipment in liquid chromatography for the determination of the molecule mass distribution or in viscosity measurement, since these measurements must be performed with a hot test solution. 

Solubility sol aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, benzene, chlorobenzene), chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate slightly soluble ether. 

Aromatic hydrocarbons Toluene 0 Hw-CrHt- -4H, Low 1020 Chromic, molybdic, etc., oxides... 

Properties Wh. to grey uniform, milky Iiq. weak odor disp. in acetone and ethanol misc. with diethylether, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene), chlorinated solvents sp. gr. 1.0 dynamic vise. 1500 mPa.s flash pt. (CC) >100C... 

The solvent used is usually an aromatic hydrocarbon (toluene or xylene are most common), or sometimes dioxan. The scintillator is a polyaromatic fluorophore, such as 295-Diphenyloxazole (PPO). In the past it has sometimes been necessary to add a secondary scintillator to which the energy is transferred from the primary scintillator. Secondary scintillators, of which 2,2 -(l,4-Phenylene)bis-[5-phenyloxazole] (POPOP) is the most well known, are somewhat larger molecules, with more delocalisation than the primary scintillators they emit at longer wavelengths at which photomultiplier tube sensitivity is greater. 

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