Hydraulics interactions

Lummus, James L., Drilling in the Seventies, Part II Analysis of Mud-Hydraulics Interaction, Petroleum Engineer, February 1974. 

Zernick, W., H. B. Curren, E. Elyash, and G. Prevette, 1962, THINC, A Thermal Hydraulic Interaction Code for Semi-open or Closed Channel Cores, Rep. WCAP-3704. Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, PA. (App.)... 

Our current knowledge of the rock-buffer interaction, especially the hydraulic interactions with the presence of rock fractures is limited and requires more study. 

Thomas, HR., PJ Cleall, N Chandler, D Dixon and HP. Mitchell, Analysis of the hydraulic interaction between clay buffers and host rock in large scale tests, this volume, 2004. 

This numerical example is concerned with density dependent problems like brine filled solution-mined cavities or the thermo-hydraulic interaction of thermally expanding fluids. In order to demonstrate this coupling phenomenon we assume a fully saturated flow of a thermally expanding liquid within a porous torus (see Fig. 1). 

ANALYSIS OF THE HYDRAULIC INTERACTION BETWEEN CLAY BUFFER AND HOST ROCK IN A LARGE SCALE TEST... 

Abstract This paper examines the hydraulic interaction between emplaced engineered clay buffers and host rock formations. This has been achieved via the analysis of the re-saturation behaviour of a large scale in-situ experiment. Experimental results from a testing programme performed by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, (AECL), are examined via both direct interpretation of the experimental results and numerical simulations of the test. Analysis of seepage rates into an open borehole indicate the presence of an EDZ prior to the emplacement and some healing of the EDZ after buffer placement. It is also found that correct representation of moisture infiltration into the buffer is essential to capture the variations in pore water pressure in the host rock. 

The Isothermal Test was designed in conjunction with the Buffer/Container Experiment and removed the heating phase to investigate the hydraulic interaction between the rock and the buffer in the absence of thermal gradients, (Chandler, 2(XX)). AECL operated the Isothermal Test over the period 1992 - 1999. 

The problem under consideration consists of three materials the bentonite/sand buffer, the granite rock, and the concrete barrier. Since the main focus of attention is the hydraulic interaction between the buffer, and the rock, attention has been concentrated here on these two materials. The concrete barrier was assumed, for the purposes of the analyses presented here, to be both impermeable and rigid. The material parameters used are given in detail in Thomas et al., (2003). 

This paper has examined the hydraulic interaction between emplaced engineered clay buffers and host rock formations. This has been... 

Subchannel analysis is commonly used for thermal hydraulic analysis of single fuel subassemblies. Bulk average values characterize the fluid dynamics and thermal coolant conditions in each subchannel. Thermal and hydraulic interactions between subchannels are taken into account. 

The two steps in the removal of a particle from the Hquid phase by the filter medium are the transport of the suspended particle to the surface of the medium and interaction with the surface to form a bond strong enough to withstand the hydraulic stresses imposed on it by the passage of water over the surface. The transport step is influenced by such physical factors as concentration of the suspension, medium particle size, medium particle-size distribution, temperature, flow rate, and flow time. These parameters have been considered in various empirical relationships that help predict filter performance based on physical factors only (8,9). Attention has also been placed on the interaction between the particles and the filter surface. The mechanisms postulated are based on adsorption (qv) or specific chemical interactions (10). 

Note that filter aid selection must be based on planned laboratory tests. Guidelines for selection may only be applied in the broadest sense, since there is almost an infinite number of combinations of filter media, filter aids, and suspensions that will produce varying degrees of separation. The hydrodynamics of any filtration process are highly complex filtration is essentially a multiphase system in which interaction takes place between solids from the suspension, filter aid, and filter medium, and a liquid phase. Experiments are mandatory in most operations not only in proper filter aid selection but in defining the method of application. Some general guidelines can be applied to such studies the filter aid must have the minimum hydraulic resistance and provide the desired rate of separation an insufficient amount of filter aid leads to a reduction in filtrate quality — excess amounts result in losses is filtration rate and it is necessary to account for the method of application and characteristics of filter aids. 

Survey and Evaluation of System Interaction Events and Sources Nuclear 4(X) occurrences of snubber failure at U.S. nuclear power plants from event reports Hydraulic and mechanical snubbers 103. 

The results obtained by Brutin and Tadrist (2003) showed a clear effect of the fluid on the Poiseuille number. Figure 3.14 shows results of experiments that were done in the same experimental set-up for hydraulic diameters of 152 and 262 pm, using distilled water and tap water. The ion interactions with the surface can perhaps explain such differences. Tap water contains more ions such as Ca +, Mg +, which are 100 to 1,000 times more concentrated than H3O+ or OH . In distilled water only H30 and OH exist in equal low concentrations. The anion and cation interactions with the polarized surface could modify the friction factor. This is valid only in the case of a non-conducting surface. 

In equation (2) Rq is the equivalent capillary radius calculated from the bed hydraulic radius (l7), Rp is the particle radius, and the exponential, fxinction contains, in addition the Boltzman constant and temperature, the total energy of interaction between the particle and capillary wall force fields. The particle streamline velocity Vp(r) contains a correction for the wall effect (l8). A similar expression for results with the exception that for the marker the van der Waals attraction and Born repulsion terms as well as the wall effect are considered to be negligible (3 ). 

C. K. Johnson, K. T. Tse, and C. J. Korpics. Improved phenolic resin coated proppants with reduced hydraulic fluid interaction. Patent EP 542397, 1993. 

HYDRAULICS OF INTERACTING TANK RESERVOIRS PROBLEM OF RAMIREZ... 

Toxicity data are available for several organophosphate ester components of hydraulic fluids, in particular tricresyl phosphate (NTP 1994). However, these components are always present in products as mixtures with other chemicals. Since insufficient information exists to assess the effect on toxicity of interactions among these mixtures, MRLs for the components were not derived. 

No studies were located regarding interactions of mineral oil hydraulic fluids, organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids, or polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids with other substances. 

Either a liquid or a gas can be used as the carrier fluid, depending on the size and properties of the particles, but there are important differences between hydraulic (liquid) and pneumatic (gas) transport. For example, in liquid (hydraulic) transport the fluid-particle and particle-particle interactions dominate over the particle-wall interactions, whereas in gas (pneumatic) transport the particle-particle and particle-wall interactions tend to dominate over the fluid-particle interactions. A typical practical approach, which gives reasonable results for a wide variety of flow conditions in both cases, is to determine the fluid only pressure drop and then apply a correction to account for the effect of the particles from the fluid-particle, particle-particle, and/or particle-wall interactions. A great number of publications have been devoted to this subject, and summaries of much of this work are given by Darby (1986), Govier and Aziz (1972), Klinzing et al. (1997), Molerus (1993), and Wasp et al. (1977). This approach will be addressed shortly. 

One major difference between pneumatic transport and hydraulic transport is that the gas-solid interaction for pneumatic transport is generally much smaller than the particle-particle and particle-wall interaction. There are two primary modes of pneumatic transport dense phase and dilute phase. In the former, the transport occurs below the saltation velocity (which is roughly equivalent to the minimum deposit velocity) in plug flow, dune flow, or sliding bed flow. Dilute phase transport occurs above the saltation velocity in suspended flow. The saltation velocity is not the same as the entrainment or pickup velocity, however, which is approximately 50% greater than the saltation velocity. The pressure gradient-velocity relationship is similar to the one for hydraulic transport, as shown in... 

Depending on the scrubber design, the scrubbing liquid is sprayed into the gas stream before the gas encounters the Venturi throat, or in the throat, or upwards against the gas flow in the throat. The scrubbing liquid is then atomized into small droplets by the turbulence in the throat, and droplet-particle interaction is increased. Some designs use supplemental hydraulically or pneumatically atomized sprays to augment... 

Traditionally, books dealing with sewer systems have been devoted to hydraulics and pollutant transport phenomena. In this context, urban drainage and wet-weather performance, as well as the sewer s interaction with treatment plants and receiving waters, were main focal points. 

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