Hydraulic mortars

Wasser-messer, m. water meter, water gage hydrometer, -messkunst, /. hydrometry. -moos, n. alga seaweed, -mhrtel, m. hydraulic mortar. 

Another consideration for proper application of fused cast basalt tile under chemical attack is the proper choice of the bonding and setting material. The type of mortar required will vary depending on the exposure and the operating conditions. Setting materials may include hydraulic mortars, silicates, resins, sulfur or mastics. 

Mortar (sometimes called cement) is used to bond surfaces like bricks together, but also for plastering walls. Historically, it has been composed variously of lime, sand, clay, volcanic rock and ash, brick dust, and potsherds. Early lime mortars that set simply by reaction between the lime and carbon dioxide in the air offered little protection from deleterious effects of water to the structure. Aggregate mortars that incorporatepozzolans and silicates, which react to bond with calcium, do not need C02, and some can even set underwater. These are called hydraulic mortars, and offer durability in weather, but are less suitable for situations where plasticity is needed, as in restoration projects, for example. 

Poz/.olana has been used since ancient times to obtain, in mixture with Ca(OH)2, hydraulic mortars, sometimes referred to as Roman cement, characterised by a memorable durability, which allows some civil works of about two thousands years ago be still preserved nowadays (e.g., the Pantheon in Rome) [62]. 

Guttmann, A., and Gille, F., "A Reference Table of the Constituents of Portland Cement Qinker and the Hydration Products of Hydraulic Mortars," Tonindustrie Zeitung, Vol. 52,1928a, pp. 418-421. 

Le Chatelier, H., Constitution of Hydraulic Mortars, 1883, trans. by Mack, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1905. 

Hydraulic mortars for masonry construction of harbour works, etc. 

Improvement of Properties OF Hydraulic Mortars whh Addition of Nano-Thania... 

Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P., Agioutantis, Z., Lionakis, E., Stavroulaki, M., Perdikatsis, V. (2013) Physico-chemical and Mechanical Characterization of Hydraulic Mortars Containing Nano-Titania for Restoration Applications, Cement and Concrete Composites, 36 (1), 33-41. 

The mechanical properties of hydraulic mortars are closely associated with the setting process which takes place when such mortars are mixed with water. The progress of this process can be monitored by time-dependent measurements of various properties including mechanical parameters such as tensile stress. Frequently, calibrations are required. Moreover, complications are encountered by invasive procedures. On the contrary, optical methods generally avoid such interferences since mechanical contacts between object and analytical tool do not take place. Measurements which are recorded in absolute units provide a further very important advantage. These conditions are met by LRC. 

In order to apply LRC to the setting of hydraulic mortars we selected the water-soluble rhenium complex Na2[(Bacu)Re(CO)3Cl] with Bacu = bathocuproine disulfonate as LRC-active probe [3]. This yellow salt was yet unknown but could be syntliesized by a simple procedure. This compound is characterized by a luminescence which consist of a single emission band which undergoes a blue shift from Xmax == 598 imi in aqueous solution to... 

On the basis of these observations we applied LRC to the setting of hydraulic mortars. The LRC-active salt was dissolved in water which was then mixed with the powdered mortar. Unfortunately, Portland-type cements could not be examined because this mortar gives a strongly alkaline mixture which leads to a facile decomposition of the emitter [4], In distinction, the setting and hardening of gypsum plaster takes place in a neutral medium. 

Nothing is more important in the construction of masonry than good cement and generally, no part of construction is intrusted to more ignorant persons. Under the above head are to be considered limes, eements, sands, eommon hydraulic mortar, and concrete. 

For hydraulic mortar the following proportions have been used with success —... 

The history of American natural cement began in the early 19th Century canal-building era. Young s 1817 compilation. Internal Navigation, provides a snapshot of the state of technology in canal construction and operation at the time just prior to the commencement of construction of the Erie Canal and the discovery of natural cement rock in Fayetteville, New York. The excerpt details the earlier uses of Dutch trass in Ume-pozzolan mortars for canal construction, and predicts that the limestone materials required to produce hydraulic mortars wiU be found in New York State. 

The Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Roman Empire marked the loss of scientific and technical knowledge. Included was the loss of the ancient formula for hydraulic mortar used during Roman times. The use of simple lime mortars resumed, and remained the primary technology for over 1000 years. 

Totten, J. G., Brief Observations on Common Mortars, Hydraulic Mortars and Concretes, 1838, pp. 237-253. 

Gilmore s book explains that although stones to make hydraulic lime were found extensively in the United States, it was not manufactured. He comments on the reported successes of lime-pozzolan mortars in France, reporting that repeated inspections of French port facilities almost always led to observed failures. His view of the controversies surrounding the hydraulic hmes used in France concluded The American engineer can congratulate himself that the supply of hydraulic cement in this country affords a more rehable source of hydraulic mortars than either natural or artificial pozzuolana. ... 

Ancient hydraulic mortars, in contrast, may remain uncarbonated and CSH gel has been identified in some Roman and Greek mortars (Malinowski 1979 Roy Langton 1983 Ray-ment Pettifer 1987 Rassineux et al. 1989 lull Lees 1990) and a sixteenth century Dominican mortar (Luxan Dorrego 1996). Rayment Pettifer (1987) examined 1700 year-old samples of Roman mortar from Hadrian s Wall, UK and found large amounts of CSH gel in the more compact, low porosity mortar, whereas elsewhere the cement paste had become fully carbonated. This suggests that the preservation of the gel depended on the extent to which it... 

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