Soap Hydrated

Peorlash added to Combined Soap.—With a view to neutralise the spent leys (salts) contained in combined soaps—that is, curd and hydrated soaps combined, as in Elake and Maxwell s process, or other such combinations Kottula introduces a certain quantity of pearlash, the proportion varying according to the excess of spent leys contained in such combined soap. About 1 cwt. of pearl-ash to 3 tons of soap is said to be sufficient, though a much larger proportion may he used for some soaps ... 

Blake and BCaxwell s Process.— By this process a soap is produced by combining soap in the state called " sort curd, with a hydrated soap, or neutral soap not deprived of its water. The curd soap may he prepared as usual, but the patentees prefer that it should be made with soda leys of the strength and in the proportions given below, whereby a soft curd is obtained which is better adapted for combining with neutral soap. The soap thus formed may be separated from the water, or excess of ley, by cutting the pan in the usual way either by means of salt or strong leys. The resin soap is prepared as follows - -A.bout one-third of the resin to be used is mixed with a... 

In a series of papers (24-29) Eicke and co-workers reported results of thorough studies performed on inverse micellar systems involving hydrocarbons such as benzene or isooctane and surfactants such as AY or AOT aerosols. Dielectric, conductance, ultracentrifugation, NMR, light scattering, fluorescence depolarization and photon correlation spectroscopy techniques were used. The main conclusions arrived at are the following ones, as expressed in C29). For water-to-AOT molar ratios smaller than 10, water-in-isooctane systems consist of dispersions of hydrated soap aggre-... 

Hydrated soaps, both smooth and marbled, are included in this... 

The marbled hydrated soap is made from cocoa-nut oil or a mixture of palm-kernel oil and cocoa-nut oil with the aid of caustic soda lye 82Tw. (20° B.). As soon as saponification is complete, the brine and carbonate of soda solution are added, and the pan allowed to rest. 

Classification of Soaps—Direct combination of Patty Acids with Alkali— Cold Process Soaps—Saponification under Increased or Diminished Pressure—Soft Soap—Marine. Soap—Hydrated Soaps, Smooth and Marbled — Pasting or Saponification — Graining Out — Boiling on... 

Nicotine is used as a contact insecticide for aphids attacking fmits, vegetables, and ornamentals, and as a fumigant for greenhouse plants and poultry mites. Nicotine sulfate is safer and more convenient to handle and the free alkaloid is rapidly Hberated by the addition of soap, hydrated lime, or ammonium hydroxide to the spray solution. Nicotine sprays commonly contain 0.05—0.06% nicotine, and nicotine dusts, 1—2% nicotine. 

Hydrogels are used ia the refining of edible oils to adsorb phosphohpids, trace metals, and soaps (103). The adsorption capacity depends on the ease of hydration of the adsorbates, so best performance demands careful control of moisture content ia the system (104). Sihca hydrogel ia combination with alumiaa has beea fouad to be useful for purifyiag used cooking oils ia order to extead their life and enhance the quahty of the fried food (105). 

For sodium palmitate, 5-phase is the thermodynamically preferred, or equiUbrium state, at room temperature and up to - 60° C P-phase contains a higher level of hydration and forms at higher temperatures and CO-phase is an anhydrous crystal that forms at temperatures comparable to P-phase. Most soap in the soHd state exists in one or a combination of these three phases. The phase diagram refers to equiUbrium states. In practice, the drying routes and other mechanical manipulation utilized in the formation of soHd soap can result in the formation of nonequilibrium phase stmcture. This point is important when dealing with the manufacturing of soap bars and their performance. 

Other factors also impact the type of crystals formed upon cooling of hot soap. Water activity or moisture content contribute to the final crystal state as a result of the different phases containing different levels of hydration. Any additive that changes the water activity changes the crystallization pathway. For example, the addition of salt reduces the water activity of the mixture and pushes the equiUbrium state toward the lower moisture crystal stmcture. Additionally, the replacement of sodium with other counter cations influences the crystallization. For example, the replacement of sodium with potassium drives toward the formation of 5-phase. 

The main reason for loss of dry in water-borne paints is the hydrolysis of the metal soap. In the presence of water the drier is first hydrated. These hydrates are unstable and result in hydrolysis of the metal soap and subsequently the insolubiUty of the basic metal soap. 

Cellulose acetate Silica gel Scoured wool Sawdust Rayon waste Fluorspar Tapioca Breakfast food Asbestos fiber Cotton linters Rayon staple Starch Aluminum hydrate Kaolin Cryolite Lead arsenate Cornstarch Cellulose acetate Dye intermediates Calcium carbonate White lead Lithopone Titanium dioxide Magnesium carbonate Aluminum stearate Zinc stearate Lithopone Zinc yellow Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Soap flakes Soda ash Cornstarch Synthetic rubber... 

Vermiculite and as a filler in soap, putty and plaster. An expanded mica (hydrated magnesium-aluminium-iron silicate). Used in lightweight aggregates, insulation, fertilizer and soil conditioners, as a filler in rubber and paints, and as a catalyst carrier. 

P.R.66, a barium salt, is sold only in the USA. The pigment is also available as an aluminum oxide hydrate precipitate. Its shade is considered a brilliant medium red, which is somewhat yellower than that of the chemically related P.R.67. Commercial types of P.R.66 are very transparent. The pigment is highly sensitive to acid, alkali, and soap. Its fastness to organic solvents is poor, its fastness to overcoating as well. P.R.66 exhibits limited lightfastness. Its main application is in metal deco printing. 

P.R.67, a barium salt, is also available in the form of an aluminum oxide hydrate precipitate. Its shade is bluer compared to the chemically related P.R.66, it is referred to as a bright bluish red. Commercial types are transparent and tinctorially strong. P.R.67 is used especially in metal deco printing. The prints do not tolerate acid, alkali, or soap. They show only limited fastness to organic solvents and to... 

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