Soap-making Hydrated

Turpentine. Turpentine is used directly as a solvent, thinner, or additive for paints, varnishes, enamels, waxes, polishes, disinfectants, soaps, pharmaceuticals, wood stains, sealing wax, inks, and crayons, and as a general solvent. The chemistry of its mono-terpenes offers many possibilities for conversion to other substances, as illustrated in Fig. 28.20. There is increasing use of turpentine to produce fine chemicals for flavors and fragrances. An important use of turpentine is in conversion by mineral acids to synthetic pine oil. It also is a raw material for making terpin hydrate, resins, camphene, insecticides, and other useful commodities. These uses are included in the following summary of its applications. 

With these association colloids the fluorescence is strongly dependent on the pH. A shift of the pH from 7 to 8 makes the fluorescence (and the association) rise considerably. Katheder s explanation that in this case the hydration of the OH ions would extract water from the aggregate seems extremely improbable. Each OH ion (at pH = 8 ) would have to bind a very large number of water molecules. It does in fact seem more probable that just as in the soaps a suppression of the dissociation will promote the association. The charge of the dye stuff ions will indeed be of... 

After the decomposition of the fatty or oily matter in the autoclave, the aqueous solution of glycerine is withdrawn, and instead of decomposing the lime soap with acids, as in the ordinary process of making stearine, the inventor employs for its decomposition strong caustio soda or potash leys, or a solution of carbonate of soda or potash. The hydrat or carbonate solution is used in about the proportion of 7 per cent, of the alkaline base to from 60 or 70 per cent, of the fatty acid, these proportions being varied within certain limits j in all cases care must be taken Hiat the alkali shall be sufficient to combine with or saturate the whole of the fatty acid. The decomposition of the lime soap by means of the hydrate or carbonate of soda will result in the production of a soda soap, and where the hydrate or carbonate of potash is used for such decomposition the product will be potash soap, the lime in either case being precipitated in a more or less insoluble condition. The soaps obtained by this process may be finished in a soap-copper in the ordinary manner. 

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