Hybrid Recycle Systems

In order to avoid a social shock when the global energy system should transfer from fossil system to the CO2 recycling system using renewable energy, a hybridization between fossil and solar energy should be also discussed. That is, there are various kind of energy sources (solar, fossil fuels and their complex sources), and of carbon sources (CO2 from flue gas of combustion, CO2 from exhaust gas of fossil fuel chemical conversion, and carbon of fossil fuel itself). 

The revolution of global energy system often bring us social shock, but the transfer from fossil system to the CO2 recycling system is sufficiently gradual system-transformation using hybrid systems. All the system can provide a liquid fuel transportable globally. 

From the viewpoint of the easiness of demolition and recycling, not ordinary steel reinforced concrete (RC) cast-in place completely in a body, but hybrid structural systems composed of steel reinforced precast RC columns and new continuous fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) reinforced lightweight precast concrete (FRPRC) beams connected with steel fasteners are recommended. 

The integration of the recycling reactor directly into the distillation column leads to the process configuration shown in Fig. 5.2, in which the reaction takes place within the column total reboiler. On top of the reboiler a fully non-RD section is installed. This process can be seen as a simple hybrid RD column with only one reactive tray. Comparing the curves in Fig. 5.4 and Fig. 5.6, the operational characteristics of the two processes, recycling system and distillation column with reactive reboiler, are identical at 93 = 00 and R = co. 

Of aU the major membrane processes, RO/NF separation is the most complex both in terms of operation and controls [43]. RO (and NF) membrane systems operate in a continuous mode with minimum or no recycle. RO desalination plants can be generally quite large (see Table 3.5) for example the largest seawater RO desalination plant in Sorek, Israel has a capacity 150 million m /year. Further, for hybrid membrane systems the process control becomes even more complex. RO/NF plants require different levels of process control depending upon the quality of feed water supplied and product water quality requirements. 

In 1992, Volvo built an aluminum-bodied hybrid Environmental Concept Car (ECC) to California emission mandates. It had the recyclable plastic panels and water-based paints that are used by Volvo. A series hybrid drive train was used where a diesel gas turbine drives a generator to charge a battery pack to power an electric motor. The system is complex, but the car achieves good performance with low emissions and a 400-mile range. 

The reaction of epoxides with C02 affords either CCs or polymers [119], and many reports have been made [120-125] and different active catalysts described [126-130] such as alkyl ammonium-, phosphonium-salts and alkali metal halides, in this respect. The main drawbacks here are the need for a high catalyst concentration, a high pressure (5 MPa of C02), and a temperature ranging from 370 to 400 K. The recovery of the catalysts for reuse is also a key issue, and in order to simplify the recovery process various hybrid systems have been developed, an example being that prepared by coupling 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyltriphenylphosphonium bromide with mesoporous silica [131]. In this case, the reaction was carried out in the absence of solvent, under very mild conditions (1 MPa, 263 K, 1 mol% loading of catalyst, 6h), such that the hybrid catalyst could be recovered and recycled several times. 

In this examination, the cathode recycle case will have no recuperator and the recuperator case will have no cathode recycle. However, it is quite possible that a hybrid system could use both. The anode exhaust is combusted at the turbine inlet in all cases. This could be done in other locations, such as the recycle loop, which would reduce the recycle required. It is apparent that a number of other configurations could be imagined (such as intercooling) however, each will likely be a modification of one of the base configurations given here. 

Following up this work, the same group recently published the synthesis of hybrid dendritic ligands containing a combination of dendritic chiral DPEN and Frechet polyether dendrons (Scheme 7) [50]. The solubility of these hybrid dendrimers was found to be controlled by the polyether den-dron. Compared with the simple core-functionalized systems displayed in Fig. 21, the hybrid dendrimers showed similar catalytic activity but reduced recyclability. 

Figure P3-10 shows a two-stage membrane cascade with recycling for producing ethylene product with a polymer-grade composition of 0.999 mol percent. The fresh feed pressure of2605 kPa and temperature of 28°C are identical to the conditions shown for stream 4 in the series configuration hybrid system presented in Fig. P3-8. The process conditions for this cascade contiguration are shown in the accompanying table.

Global carbon-recycling energy delivery system for CO mitigation (III) Fossil/solar energy hybridization system for utilization of carbon as solar energy carrier... 

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