Hyacinths

The chemical characteristics of biomass vary over a broad range because of the many different types of species. Table 8 compares the typical analyses and energy contents of land- and water-based biomass, ie, wood, grass, kelp, and water hyacinth, and waste biomass, ie, manure, urban refuse, and primary sewage sludge, with those of cellulose, peat, and bituminous coal. Pure cellulose, a representative primary photosynthetic product, has a carbon content of... 

Twenty-four years before its detection in nature PEA was first synthesized in 1876 (56) by reducing phenylacetaldehyde [122-78-1] with sodium amalgam. Then, in 1900, it was independently identified in otto of rose (57) and rose water (58). Subsequently, PEA has been identified in numerous flower oils such as ylang-ylang, narcissus, hyacinth, lily, neroH, and geranium as well as various other natural products like tea, tobacco, orange juice, beer, cigarette smoke, etc. 

Phenyl-2-propen-l-ol [104-54-1], commonly referred to as cinnamyl alcohol, is a colorless crystalline soHd with a sweet balsamic odor that is reminiscent of hyacinth. Its occurrence in nature is widespread as, for example, in Hyacinth absolute (Hyacinthus orientalis) (42), the leaf and bark oils of cinnamon Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum lancium, etc), and Guava fmit [Psidiumguajava L.) (43). In many cases it is also encountered as the ester or in a bound form as the glucoside. 

Uses. Cinnamyl alcohol and its esters, especially cinnamyl acetate, are widely employed in perfumery because of their excellent sensory and fixative properties. They are frequently used in blossom compositions such as lilac, jasmine, lily of the valley, hyacinth, and gardenia to impart balsamic and oriental notes to the fragrance. In addition, they ate utilized as modifiers in berry, nut, and spice flavor systems. The value of cinnamyl alcohol has also been mentioned in a variety of appHcations which include the production of photosensitive polymers (49), the creation of inks for multicolor printing (50), the formulation of animal repellent compositions (51), and the development of effective insect attractants (52). 

It yieldi fvoni 2 lo 7 per cmi. of essential oil having au odour re-calliug that of hyacinths, and hasung the following characters ... 

It is a colourless, thick oil, with an odour recalling that of cinnamic alcohol and hyacinths. It is useful in synthetic perfumery in the preparation of bouquets, and it is extremely useful in odours of the type of hyacinth, narcissus, jonquil, and the like. 

Cinnamic alcohol, C Hj. CH CH. CH OH, or y-phenyl-allyl alcohol, is found in the form of esters, principally of either acetic or cinnamic acid in storax, balsam of Peru, and in hyacinth and other essential oils. 

Cinnamic alcohol has an odour, not very powerful, but exceedingly delicate, recalling roses and hyacinths, in which types of perfume it is exceedingly useful. It is fairly soluble in dilute alcohol, and can to some extent be separated from alcohols of the geraniol type by means of 30 per cent, alcohol. 

Cinnamyl Cinnamate.—Tbis ester is known as styracin, and is found in storax and other balsamic products, and possibly also in oil of hyacinths. It has the constitution... 

Phenylacetic aldehyde, CgHgO, is one of the most important of modern synthetic perfumes. It has not been found naturally in essential oUs. It possesses a powerful odour of hyacinths, and is extremely useful for the reproduction of all odours of this and the narcissus type. 

Liao, S.W. and Chang, N.L., Heavy metal phytoremediation by water hyacinth at constructed wetlands in Taiwan, Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 42, 60-68, 2004. 

Jayaweera, M.W., Kasturiarachchia, J.C., Kularatnea, R.K.A., and Wijeyekoon, S.L.J., Contribution of water hyacinth (Eichhomia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) grown under different nutrient conditions to Fe-removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands, Journal of Environmental Management, 87 (3), 450-460, 2008. 

Gude, S.M. and Das, S.N., Adsorption of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions by chemically treated water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 15 (1), 12-18, 2008. 

Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes from sewage lagoon in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi Leaves 70.0 DW 2... 

Chigbo, F.E., R.W. Smith, and F.L. Shore. 1982. Uptake of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury from polluted waters by the water hyacinth Eichhomia crassipes. Environ. Pollut. 27A 31-36. 

Adverse effects of cyanide on aquatic plants are unlikely at concentrations that cause acute effects to most species of freshwater and marine fishes and invertebrates (USEPA 1980 Eisler 1991). Water hyacinth (Eichhorinia crassipes) can survive for at least 72 h in nutrient solution containing up to 300 mg CN/L and can accumulate up to 6.7 g/kg DW plant material. On this basis, 1 ha of water hyacinths has the potential to absorb 56.8 kg of cyanide in 72 h, and this property may be useful in reducing the level of cyanide in untreated wastewater from various... 

Low, K.S. and C.K. Lee. 1981. Cyanide uptake by water hyacinths, Eichhomia crassipes (Mart) Solms. Pertanika 42 122-128. 

Martyn RD, Samuelson DA, Freeman TB. Ultrastructural localization of polyphenol oxidase activity in leaves of healthy and disease water hyacinth. Phytopathology 1979 69 1278-1287. 

Water Hyacinth. Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes Solms) has been killed by 0.1% solution of the alkanolamine salt of 2,4-D in Indonesia (54), or in the Philippines by the isopropyl ester in as low as 0.1% solutions (39). In the southern United States, 2,4-D has been widely used to kill this plant. This plant is of relatively minor importance in Puerto Rico. It tends to choke up river mouths and is removed to improve drainage. A single application of the isopropyl ester of 2,4-D has given excellent results on a small scale. 

The water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes originates from Brazil, and although it represents one of the most troublesome and invasive of water weeds, it is also one of the best phytoremediants of polluted water. The biomass becomes saturated with pollutants, which can then be removed from the water by harvest of the biomass and its composting, a process which achieves a substantial reduction in the mass requiring further processing (e.g., incineration under controlled conditions). The species is highly susceptible to frost, but in frost-free environments, its introduction is risky as it can readily become uncontrollable. 

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