Human immunodeficiency virus type source

Zhu T, Muthui D, Holte S, Nickle D, Peng P, Brodie S, Hwangbo Y, Mullins II, Corey L (2002) Evidence for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vivo in CD14(-l-) monocytes and its potential role as a source of virus in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 76(2) 707-716... 

Nearly 40 million people are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Over half of those infected reside in sub-Saharan Africa. Worldwide during 2004, it is estimated that nearly 14,000 people a day were infected. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is the primary etiological source for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Fortunately, people infected with HIV are leading longer and more productive lives due to the availability of more effective therapies. Better medicines have evolved due to the efforts of scientists worldwide who find targets and compounds that inhibit the virus life-cycle. The current treatment for HIV infection is via a drug cocktail that usually includes a protease inhibitor (PI), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). 

The Pd-catalyzed carbonylation of o-vinylaryl bromides using Mo(CO)6 as CO source with microwave irradiation gave indanone 338 and 3-acylaminoindanone 340, which are key intermediates for the synthesis of inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease and Plasmepsin I and II (Scheme 46). These polycyclic compounds were obtained in less than 30 min in high yields. The results clearly indicate the power and advantage of this protocol, especially for the combinatorial parallel synthesis of a library of compounds. 

Microbial sources Spirulan-like polysaccharides Arthrospira platensis ( cyanobacterium) inhibition of human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, human herpesvirus type 6 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1, in-vitro [83] [84] [85] [86]... 

Up to this point, GIPF expressions have been formulated for only one type of biological activity - the inhibition of reverse transcriptase (RT), the enzyme that promotes the reverse transcription of genomic RNA into double-stranded DNA, a key step in the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV [82, 87]. Analytical representations were obtained for the anti-HIV potencies of three families of RT inhibitors the correlation coefficients are between 0.930 and 0.952. We are currently investigating the effects of applying the GIPF approach to certain portions of the molecules rather than their entireties. This might reveal the source of the activity, or alternatively, indicate it to be delocalized. 

Abstract The inhibitory action of polyanionic substances on virus replication was reported more than 50 years ago. Seaweeds, marine invertebrates, and higher plants represent abundant sources of novel compounds of proved antiviral activity. Natural sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are potent in vitro inhibitors of a wide variety of enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), dengue virus (DENV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza A virus. Several polysulfate compounds have the potential to inhibit virus replication by blocking the virion binding to the host cell. In contrast, their in vivo efficacy in animal and human systemic infections has undesirable draw-... 

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