Self-government

Citizens mill remain attentive to and involved in public affairs only to the degree that their presence mill make a difference TJ accordingly proposes a system of self-governed mard republics III. 17 To the Marquis de Lafayette, Nov. 30, 1813 

How to keep republican citizens virtuous and attentive further defense of a ward system of small republics  

28 To Isaac H. Tiffany, April 4, 1819 Defines liberty and republic  

The Count de Vergennes has within these ten days had a very severe attack of what is deemed an unfixed gout. He has been well 

The National Assembly then (for that is the name they take), having shown through every stage of these transactions a coolness, wisdom, and resolution to set fire to the four corners of the kingdom and to perish with it themselves, rather than to relinquish an iota from their plan of a total change of government, are now in complete and undisputed possession of the sovereignty. The executive and aristocracy are at their feet the mass of the nation, the mass of 

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Where the use of zinc anodes is practicable, the low driving potential is a great advantage since the resistance of the steel to be cathodically protected is the controlling resistance, and the current output of the anode varies with the requirements of the cathode. Thus it can be said that zinc anodes are largely self-governing. 

It is not my interest, then, to minimize the significance of class and economics rather, since class has received most of the attention afforded questions of whiteness in the scholarship thus far, I will go into other areas more fully—especially the areas of national subjectivity and national belonging—as they both inflect and are inflected by racial conceptions of peoplehood, self-possession, fitness for self-government, and collective destiny. 

There may be those who can contemplate the addition to our population of vast numbers of persons having no inherited instincts of self-government and respect for law knowing no restraint upon their own passions but the club of the policeman or the bayonet of the soldier forming communities, by the tens of thousands, in which only foreign tongues are spoken, and into which can steal no influence from our free institutions and from popular discussion. But I confess to being far less optimistic. 

This interpretation of human history was no academic exercise. Americans handling of racial questions had profound implications for the political experiment for which God had set aside the continent in the first place. For Ullman, as, indeed, for many of his compatriots, the matter at hand was no less than the fate of self-government as a viable political... 

Thus Daniel Ullman was in good company (or at least a lot of it). We speak of self-government as if it was. .. a grand triumph of political sagacity, cautioned the North American Review. We all admit, that particular races, the Asiatics for instance, are not yet fit for it. We interpret their incapacity by assuming that they are not sufficiently advanced on the road to perfection. Quite possibly these peoples may never advance along that road, and have no need to advance. 75 The democratic experiment may be forever closed, in other words, to certain peoples inherently unfit for the arduous demands of political self-possession. 

Nowhere was this underside of the protest as clear as in the following exchange on the floor of Congress, when one representative led another through a catechism on the principles of self-government. Is it the gen-... 

Testimony was further taken upon the question of any radical differences existing between the Asiatic and Caucasian races, and in the evidence will be found much valuable information upon this point peculiarly interesting to the ethnologist. The deduction from the testimony taken by the committee on this point would seem to be that there is not sufficient brain capacity in the Chinese to furnish motive power for self-government. Upon the point of morals, there is no Aryan or European race which is not far superior to the Chinese as a class.49... 

Race politics can only proceed from a racialized sense of the social order—an understanding that this or that race shall work toward this or that aim. In this sense the nation s first naturalization law, in 1790, represented race politics par excellence, as did its drastic revision in 1924. The former proceeded from an assumption that only white persons were truly fit for the rigors of republican self-government the latter, from a revised estimation that, whoops, only Nordics were fit after all. But race politics itself also holds the power to generate a racial order of its own the political mobilization of individuals and groups around a racially posed question can itself exert influence upon existing patterns of race-consciousness and racial salience. 

Spiro Anagnostopoulos was the sitting vice president seemed to settle once and for all the question of the ethnics fitness for self-government. Their whiteness had been ratified by popular vote. 

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