Human health formulations

Fourteen formulations of chemical alternatives were submitted to EPA under confidentiality and they were assessed based on numerous human health and ecotoxicity endpoints in addition to bioaccumulation potential and environmental persistence. They were also screened for potential exposure to workers, users and the aquatic environment. Where data gaps existed, EPA experts used models and chemical analogs to estimate the hazard for a particular endpoint. The literature and test data reviews were published in the final report, Environmentally Preferable Options for Furniture Fire Safety Low Density Furniture Foam . In addition, each hazard endpoint was ranked with a concern level (High, Moderate or Low) based on the criteria used by the EPA s New Chemicals Program to rate the concern level of new chemicals submitted under the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA). As seen in Figure 8.2, where the hazard endpoint rankings are bold, the value is based on experimental data. Where the hazard endpoints are presented in italic font, the value is estimated based on models or chemical analogs. In this way, detailed hazard information was summarized and presented in a clear and concise format. 

Using this system, SC Johnson scores both raw materials and formulated products, tracks the score of all raw material purchases and measures the overall percentage of materials that fall into each rating category, that is considered Best or RUM . The scores are used to set company goals, as well as to reward the formulators and chemists who use the system to improve the environmental and human health profiles of individual products and product lines. 

CleanGredients is an online database of cleaning product ingredients A one-stop-shop for green formulation . The database contains physical chemical data, MSDSs, technical datasheets, and environmental and human health hazard data on raw materials used to formulate cleaning products. 

One of the main human health concerns about organophosphate esters is the potential for neurotoxicity reactions, in particular a condition known as organophosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). Tri-ort/20-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) has been identified as one of the more potent OPIDN neurotoxins in humans, and was formerly a constituent in some organophosphate ester hydraulic fluid products (Marino 1992 Marino and Placek 1994). Production processes now routinely remove virtually all the TOCP. For instance, tricresyl phosphate (TCP) products now typically are manufactured to contain over 98% meta and para isomers and virtually no TOCP (Marino and Placek 1994). Products containing these compounds associated with OPIDN have now entirely disappeared from commercial use, and the vast majority of the industrial organophosphate esters are based on triaryl phosphates with no halogenated components (Marino 1992). At waste disposal sites, however, site contaminants from older product formulations containing the ortho form may be encountered. 

Criteria have not yet been formulated by regulatory agencies for protection of sensitive fish and wildlife resources against fenvalerate. Guidelines for protection of poultry, livestock, and human health include <50 mg/kg in poultry diets, <5 mg/kg in livestock diets, <3 mg/kg in human diets, and <0.125 mg/kg BW daily in humans. 

There is growing concern over the potential risks to human health and the environment arising from leather goods. Dye manufacturers and tanneries are concerned about effluent, air pollution, containers and packaging [56]. In the light of the relatively important contribution to leather dyeing of azo dyes that can yield hazardous arylamines on reduction, careful guidance on the selection of dyes for leather is essential, with emphasis on procurement from reliable sources and the utilisation of liquid formulations to minimise... 

This document sets out a classihcation system to distinguish between the more and the less hazardous forms of selected pesticides based on acute risk to human health (i.e., the risk of single or multiple exposures over a relatively short period of time). It takes into consideration the toxicity of the technical compound and its common formulations. 

Cosmetic ingredients are natural or synthesized chemicals entering in the preparation/formulation of cosmetic products. According to the Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC (1), cosmetic products placed on the market must not cause damage to human health when applied under normal or reasonably foreseeable conditions of use. The cosmetics manufacturers have to ensure the safety of their cosmetic products prior to marketing. However, the European Commission can adopt, on the basis of advice of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP), measures to limit or to forbid the commercialization of cosmetic products containing ingredients with safety concerns. 

As with other specialty chemicals, which can impair human health and therefore need extensive and expensive testing prior to commercialization, R D in biocides is concentrating on formulations and applications, rather than on new chemical entities. NCEs are developed for substitution of old products with environmental hazards, such as the copper/arsenic compounds used in timber and wood preservation. 

Chemical Manufacturing Process Product Formulation Environmental Fate Summary Human Health Hazards Summary Environmental Hazards Summary Chemistry of Use Process Description Process Safety Assessment Market Information International Information... 

The evaluation of hazards posed to human health by toxic airborne chemicals is one of the common tasks employed in industrial hygiene. This process requires the collection of air samples to estimate air concentrations of specific substances inhaled by workers which can then be compared with standards and guides of acceptable exposure. Thus air sampling directly influences the formulation of important decisions. If air samples underestimate exposures, the consequence may be death or occupational disease. Conversely, overestimating exposures may result in the institution of unnecessary controls. Since either form of error is undesirable, it is fundamentally important that air sampling accurately define the extent of hazard. This requires that air samples be collected according to scientific, unbiased schemes for estimating exposures to toxic airborne chemicals. 

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