Human evolution processes

Crossing over The breaking of one maternal and one paternal chromosome during meiosis with exchange of corresponding sections of DNA, and rejoining of the chromosomes. The process leads to an exchange of alleles between chromosomes and is the fundamental principle of human evolution (see also recombination). 

Determination of the roles of microelements and the human daily requirements can be very difficult due to their low concentrations in the human body and problems connected with the elimination of their constant inflow. Throughout the evolution process, the human body developed mechanisms to regulate the absorption of microelements and balance their levels within required ranges. Therefore, human bodies are adjusted to the natural levels at which those elements are present in the non-polluted environment and in non-contaminated foodstuffs. However, human industrial and economic activities are frequently and widely disturbing the environmental balance and leading to contamination of the environment, including foods, with trace elements. 

Korzybski considered man s consciousness of the abstraction process to be the most effective safeguard against semantic problems (such as confusing words with objects) and the key to further human evolution. Consciousness of abstraction was defined by Korzybski as an "awareness that in our process of abstracting we have left out characteristics." An individual apprehends himself and his world fully and accurately to the degree that he continually translates higher-order abstractions back to the level of concrete experience. 

Grupe, G., and H. Piepenbrink. 1987. Processing of prehistoric bones for isotopic analysis and the meaning of collagen C/N ratios in the assessment of diagenetic effects. Human Evolution 2 511-515. 

Karkanas, Panagiotis, Ruth Shahack-Gross, Avner Ayalon, Mira Bar-Matthews, Ran Barkai, Amos Frumkin, Avi Gopher, and Mary C. Stiner. 2007. Evidence for habitual use of fire at the end of the lower Paleolithic site-formation processes at Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 53 197-212. 

The production and reproduction of graphic material has occupied the attention of mankind since human evolution. Indeed, this desire to create, store, and communicate information sets us apart from lesser animals. Colloids and surfaces have always played a major role in the development of this technology—some of our earliest inventions being polymer stabilized suspensions (inks) and porous substrates (paper). The discovery of photon activated processes led to reprographic technology as it is known today. 

Here and there, in one form or another, we hear calls for re-evaluation of nearly every human activity and advance. In keeping with the statistical nature of the human assemblage, the questioning takes all forms, from the kind to the belligerent, from the divine to the ridiculous. They all are intrinsic ingredients of the dynamics of human evolution. Yet, they all seek to alter the complex kinetics of the process of human activity to achieve better overall results. Suddenly, we find ourselves touched by a feeling of familiarity of concepts. . . ... 

ERP (enterprise resource planning) is the next step in the evolution process. It is the integration of financial, manufacturing, and human resources in a single computer system. ERP systems are composed of a collection of integrated modules. Each different part of the business may have its own module. For example, purchasing would have a module and so would accounting. 

The processes of optimum-seeking have been remarkably successful in lots of real-world phenomena, such as human evolution, food-seeking of ant colonies, and improvisation of musicians. By using stochastic heuristic individual searches and generation processes, these phenomena work toward a perfect individual to fill a particular environmental niche. It is naturally expected that evolutionary optimization processes can be created by modeling the behaviors of these phenomena. The evolutionary optimization techniques were thus developed to perform this function, which mimics the optimum-seeking processes of these phenomena in a computer program. 

Milk has been a source for food for humans since the beginning of recorded history. Although the use of fresh milk has increased with economic development, the majority of consumption occurs after milk has been heated, processed, or made into butter. The milk industry became a commercial enterprise when methods for preservation of fluid milk were introduced. The successful evolution of the dairy industry from small to large units of production, ie, the farm to the dairy plant, depended on sanitation of animals, products, and equipment cooling faciUties health standards for animals and workers transportation systems constmction materials for process machinery and product containers pasteurization and sterilization methods containers for distribution and refrigeration for products in stores and homes. 

Najera I, Richman DD, Olivares I, Rojas JM, Peinado MA, Perucho M, Najera R, Lopez GaHndez C (1994) Natural occurrence of drug resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 10 1479-1488 Nijhuis M, Boucher CAB, Schipper R Leitner T, Schuurman R, Albert J (1998) Stochastic processes strongly influence HIV-1 evolution during suboptimal protease inhibitor therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 14441-14446... 

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