Spacings observed

Binnig GK, Rohrer H, Gerber C, StoU E. 1984. Real-space observation of the reconstruction of Au(lOO). Surf Sci 104 321-335. 

Figure 3.6 Different peak distortion problems due to band broadening in time and band broadening in space observed during hot splitless injection. Band broadening in space is characterized by a broadening which grows proportionally with retention time and may result in peak splitting that is poorly reproducible. Band broadening in time is characterized by a constant broadening of all peaks. Partial solvent trapping results in characteristic chair and stool shaped peaks. (Adapted with permission from ref.

Becker, R. S., Golovchenko, J. A., Hamann, D. R., and Swartzentruber, B. S. (1985b). Real-space observation of surface states on Si(lll)7X7 with the scanning tunneling microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2032-2035. 

Wheeler, R. M. (2006). Potatoes for human exploration of space Observations from NASA-sponsored controlled environment studies. Potato Res., 49,67-90. 

EM energy flow diverging from dipole in real 3-space (observable)... 

Time reversal transformation, t - — t This is like space inversion and most likely space-time inversion is a single symmetry that reflects the local euclidean topology of space, observed as the conservation of matter. 

A mixture of dioctahedral smectite and berthierine gives the mineral spacings for the 060 spacings observed by Bailey and Odin, which are between those of clearly aluminous dioctahedral and trioctahedral minerals. 

Fig. 3. Evolution of the long (A) and short (B) spacings of cocoa butter during heating of a sample obtained by liquid quenching at 100°C/s from -10 to 40°C at 1 °C/min. Transition from liquid crystalline sample to a form is observed as determined by small- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. (A) shows the long spacings observed at -10°C, before, and at 20°C, after the transition to a form (B) corresponding short spacings. Figure is adapted from Reference 4.

Bartels L, Wang E, Mbller D, Knoesel E, Heinz TE (2004) Real-space observation of molecular motion induced by femtosecond laser pulses. Science 305 648... 

The performance of the present approach becomes more obvious in Figure 2a, showing the concentration dependence of Oq. It yields only a weak salinity dependence of the plate spacing and is the only model which is consistent with the observations. The predicted concentration dependence cannot be validated by the scattered data, yet is supported by some limited plate spacing observations in brackish water... 

Vertical and meridional winds in the stratosphere can be estimated from theoretical studies, which are usually based on solutions to the equations of atmospheric dynamics, as will be described below. In the mesosphere, however, the meridional wind (wind speed in the latitudinal direction) has been measured at particular points, usually with radar techniques (see Figure 3.6 from Nastrom et al., 1982) and derived from space observations (see, e.g., Lieberman et al., 2000). Meridional winds are denoted by a positive velocity when they are directed from the south to the north. In the vertical, wind speeds are positive when they are directed upwards. 

Box 4.2 Space Observations of Atmospheric Compounds by Solar Absorption Techniques... 

Figure 5.44 shows the vertical distribution of NOy at 24°N between 20 and 55 km deduced from space observations. The maximum mixing ratio of approximately f 8 ppbv is reached between 35 and 40 km altitude where the production by the oxidation of nitrous oxide is large. The decrease in the mixing ratio near and above the stratopause is associated with the mesosphere destruction through the N + NO reaction. 

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