Latitudinal distributions

Three-dimensional representation of the latitudinal distribution of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the marine boundary layer. Data from the NOAA CMDL cooperative air sampling network were used. The surface represents data smoothed in time and latitude. The Norwegian and Swedish flask sampling effort at Zeppelin Station is shown in the inset as flask monthly means. (Figure kindly provided by Dr Pieter Tans and Dr Thomas Conway of NOAA (CMDL).)... 

Tans, P. P., Conway, T. J. and Nakazawa, T. (1989). Latitudinal distribution of the sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide derived from surface observations and an atmospheric transport model, /. Geophys. Res. 94, 5151-5172. 

Fig. 3.17 Vertical and latitudinal distribution of PFOA mass in the global oceans [t] (left), 12/2004, fraction of mass bound to organic matter [%] (right), 06/2004.Upper panels KOC115, lower panels KOC11500.

Parrish, J. T. 1985. Latitudinal distribution of land and shelf and absorbed solar radiation during the Phanerozoic, Open-File Report 85-31. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 

Latitudinal distribution of the world s modern evaporitic sediments as a percentage of total sediment. Source-. From Warren, J. K. (1989). Evaporite Sedimentology, Prentice Flail, Inc., p. 15. 

Latitudinal patterns in clay mineral distributions are pronounced in abyssal plain sediments as illustrated in Figures 14.8 through 14.11. These latitudinal bands reflect the... 

Seasonal and interannual trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations reported as mole fraction in dry air. (a) Monthly mean values at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Data are also presented as 6-month running average to eliminate the seasonal effects and (b) three-dimensional representation of latitudinal distributions of monthly mean values. Source After P. Tans and T. Conway, NOAA/ESRL Global Monitoring Division (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends). (See companion website for color version.)... 

Fig. 3.43 Latitudinal distribution of O-isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera and yearly averaged temperature at sea surface and 250 m water depth (after Mulitza et al. 1997)...

DeLorey DC, Cronn DR, Farmer JC. 1988. Tropospheric latitudinal distributions of CFCK CFCh, N2 0, CH3CC 3, and CCH over the remote Pacific Ocean. Atmos. Environ 22 1481-1494. 

Blake, D. F., and K. Kato, Latitudinal Distribution of Black Carbon Soot in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7195-7202 (1995). 

The 6-hourly precipitation distribution for the January storm, shown in Figure 9, reflects the difference in the dynamics processes of the frontal zone between the two storms. The isohyets show an increasing 6-hourly precipitation rate as the front moved southward, reaching a maximum of over 25 mm. per six hours near San Diego which was about twice that observed in northern California, opposite the trend noted in the latitudinal distribution for the November storm. 

The surface distribution of M stars is studied by differentiating them according to whether they show a circumstellar dust shell (CS) or not. Analysis shows that galactic latitudinal and longitudinal distributions are not determined by spectral subclasses alone. The study also indicates that the M type stars with CS have higher intrinsic luminosities in the K band than those without CS. The M stars used in the study are obtained from the Two Micron Sky Survey catalogue (IRC) which is an unbiased sample with respect to the interstellar extinction. The CS feature is identified by the ratio of flux densities at 12 and 25 m in the IRAS point source catalog. 

We assume the sea level enthalpy follows a linear function of latitude based on the latitudinal distribution of moist static energy as described in the Using Moist Static Energy section. Restricting our data to latitudes south of 55°N, where our assumption of zonal symmetry is valid, the standard deviation of the predicted altitude is 620 m (see Fig. 9). 

In recent years it has been recognized that dynamic factors contribute much to observed temperature trends. For instance, in 1995 a marked similarity was observed between the spatial distributions of the SAT field and NAM fluctuations for the last 30 years, with a clear increase in the NAM index. The increasing trend of the index was accompanied by mild winters, changes in the spatial distribution of precipitation in Europe, and ozone layer depletion in the latitudinal belt >40°N. Similar data are available for the Southern Hemisphere. The main conclusion is that along with the ENSO event, both NAM and SAM are the leading factors in global atmospheric variability. In this connection, attention should be focused on the problem of the 30-year trend of NAM toward its increase, the more so that after 1995 the index lowered. It is still not clear whether this trend is a part of long-term oscillations. 

Figure 3.10. Distribution of the depth of the upper quasi-homogeneous layer of the World Ocean at latitudinal zones 0°-10°N (solid curve) and 60°N-70°N (dashed curve).

Figure 3.11. The annual distribution of carbon flux across the atmosphere-ocean border in different latitudinal zones.

Possibilities are foreseen to choose various versions of approximation of the 03 function over the whole territory by a number of latitudinal and meridional distributions. 

Santelices, B. and Marquet, P. A., Seaweeds, latitudinal diversity patterns, and Rapoport s rule, Diversity and Distributions, 4, 71, 1998. 

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