Horses intramuscular injection

Benzathine penicillin and procaine penicillin G for intramuscular injection yield low but prolonged drug levels. A single intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin, 1.2 million units, is effective treatment for 3-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis given intramuscularly once every 3-4 weeks, it prevents reinfection. Benzathine penicillin G, 2.4 million units intramuscularly once a week for 1-3 weeks, is effective in the treatment of syphilis. Procaine penicillin G, formerly a work horse for treating uncomplicated pneumococcal pneumonia or gonorrhea, is rarely used now because many strains are penicillin-resistant. 

Results of pharmacokinetic studies of streptomycin are in most cases also applicable to dihydrostreptomycin and vice versa. In animals, the absorption of both streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin is poor via the oral route but rapid after intramuscular administration. In cattle, peak serum levels were obtained 1 h after intramuscular injection of either streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin (18), whereas serum concentrations produced in sheep and horses paralleled those obtained in cattle (19). As a result, most of an oral dose is recovered in the feces whereas most of a parenteral dose is recovered in the urine. However, if kidney function is severely impaired, little of an intramuscularly administered dose is excreted in the urine. 

Imidocarb is a carbanilide used for treatment and prophylaxis of piroplas-mosis and anaplasmosis. It can be administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection to cattle, sheep, and horse at dosages of 1.2-3.4 mg/kg bw. 

Isometamidium, a phenanthridium derivative (Fig. 5.7), is a veterinary drug effective for the treatment of trypanosomiasis in cattle, horses, buffaloes, and camels. It is administered by intramuscular injection at dosages in the range 0.5-2 mg/kg bw. 

Little is known about the pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of acepromazine in food-producing animals. After intramuscular injection of 0.1 mg/ kg bw to horses, the unchanged acepromazine was detectable in plasma 1.5-3 h... 

Following intramuscular injection of 0.1 mg acepromazine/kg bw in the horse, tlie parent acepromazine was present only in the kidney at a level of 43 ppb. At tlie injection site, both acepromazine and its sulfoxide metabolite were present at concentrations of 65 and 36 ppb, respectively. 

The drug concentration in a parenteral suspension can influence the plasma concentration profile. When different concentrations of amoxicillin (100 and 200mg/ml) in aqueous suspensions of amoxicillin trihydrate were administered intramuscularly at the same site and same dose level (lOmg/kg) to horses, the preparation of lower concentration (10%) provided relatively better absorption and a more consistent plasma concentration profile. Intramuscular injection of amoxicillin trihydrate (15% in a mixed oil base) in the neck (10 cm behind the ear) of pigs produced two peaks, 1.7 and 0.8pg/ml at 1.3 and 6.6 h, respectively, rather than a single peak in the plasma concentration profile and an eight-fold longer mean residence time of the antibiotic than a preparation of the same... 

Toutain, P.-L. Lassourd, V. Costes, G. Alvinerie, M. Bret, L. Lefebvre, H.P. Braun, J.P. A non-invasive and quantitative method for the study of tissue injury caused by intramuscular injection of drugs in horses. J. Vet. Pharmacol Ther. 1995, 18, 226-235. 

The tetracyclines are amphoteric antimicrobial agents that can form salts with bases or acids (see Chs 1 and 2). Oxytetracycline is a bitter, yellow, odorless crystalline powder. The base is slightly water soluble and the hydrochloride is readily water soluble and is typically administered to horses by slow i.v. injection. It is effective at 5.5 mg/kg once daily for 2 days or more in the treatment of B. equi but is unlikely to completely clear this infection. It is, therefore, used for premunition. Rapid i.v. injection may cause a precipitous drop in blood pressure and collapse owing to the effects of calcium chelation on the myocardium. Intramuscular injection causes objectionable local reactions in horses and should be avoided. Oral administration may be more... 

Boyd, J.S. (1987) Selection of sites for intramuscular injections in the neck of the horse. Veterinary Record, 121, 197-200. 

Bumetanide (potent loop diuretic) administered by intramuscular injection to horses (15 pg/kg) is rapidly absorbed in that the peak plasma concentration... 

Another synthetic anabolic steroid available as a veterinaiy product is stanozolol (Figure 2.1), whose metabolites were investigated by McKinney et al. (2004) by ion-trap LC-MS in horse urine after intramuscular injection. 

Personal experience has proved the excellent quality of the horse immune serum against normal human serum from Serpasteur (36 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 15 ). For injection, 200 ml of a Red Cross plasma pool is mixed with 200 ml of Bayol-F and 70 ml of Arlacel (W5) 9 subcutaneous injections of doses of 2.5 ml are given over a 40-day period. After an 80-day interval, a second series of 7 injections is administered. Serum from the withdrawn blood is sterilized by filtration and sealed in ampoules with Merthiolate at 1 10,000. The same laboratory has produced a horse antiserum against human serum albumin (W5) by a series of 39 intramuscular injections of a 5 % solution of Fraction V over a period of 4J4 months. 

Hepatic injury was reported in a 37-year-old man who had received a single intramuscular injection of 65 mg of a standardized horse chestnut extract prior to surgery. Liver tests performed 17 days after injection revealed moderate elevation of total bilirubin, ALP, GGTP and mild eosino-philia. The lymphocyte stimulation test was positive, and the liver biopsy demonstrated marked cholestasis with zonal necrosis in the centrilobular areas but showed little or no changes in the portal tracts (Takegoshi et al. 1986). 

By intramuscular administration, the medicine is injected into muscle tissue, through the skin and subcutaneous fat layer. Suitable muscles for intramuscular injection are the upper arm and shoulder muscle (musculus deltoideus), thigh muscle (musculus vastus lateralis) and bottom muscle (musculus glutaeus maximus). The blood flow in these muscles differ from each other and hence also the extent and rate in which an active substance is absorbed from these sites. Activity of the muscle and physical movements (e.g. horse riding after an injection in the bottom muscle) will also strongly affect the absorption of the active substance from the injection site. Unlike the intravenous injection, oily liquids and aqueous or oily suspensions can be injected intramuscularly. 

The dexamethasone suppression test is the best way to evaluate the pituitary-adrenocortical axis function in horses. In normal horses, dexamethasone administration in the late afternoon, by intramuscular (i.m.) injection at a dose rate of 40 xg/kg (approximately 20 mg for a 450 kg horse), depresses cortisol production to less than lOng/ml (IfjLg/dl) by the following morning and cortisol levels will remain well below baseline for over 24 h. Cortisol levels are usually slightly depressed after dexamethasone administration to horses with ECD but the degree of suppression is less than in normal horses and plasma cortisol concentrations rebound more quickly. 

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