Hormones central nervous system disorders

Effects of early environmental adversity on HPA mediation of neurodevelopment have also been demonstrated in non-human primates (Coplan et al., 1995). Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) intracerebro-ventricular administration in rhesus monkeys that had been separated from their mothers produced behavioral inhibition and increases in ACTH and cortisol. Coplan et al (1995) presented evidence for persistently elevated cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in grown macaques that had been reared by mothers in unpredictable environmental conditions. Further studies in adversely reared adult monkeys demonstrated an inverse relationship between mean CRF concentrations and GH response to clonidine (Coplan et al., 2000). In light of evidence that reduced GH response to clonidine has been shown in other anxiety disorders (Charney and Bremner, 1999), Coplan et al. (2000) hypothesize that GH response to clonidine may inversely reflect trait-like increases of central nervous system CRF activity. Data linking childhood anxiety to growth deficits are consistent with this view (Pine et al., 1996). Activity, of the HPA axis, as related to early environmental... 

Obesity is a condition that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors (such as energy intake and expenditure, fetal nutrition, culture). There are four major physiological causes of obesity endocrine disorders (growth hormone deficiency, Cushing syndrome), genetic syndromes (Prader-Willi syndrome or Alstrom syndrome), disorders of the central nervous system (tumor, trauma) or the most common cause, multifactorial or primary obesity (caused by an interaction of multiple genes). 

The nervous system of higher organisms is separated in a central nervous system (CNS), which comprises the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral nervous system (PNS) which embodies the remaining nervous tissues. Many factors such as infectious diseases, hormonal disorders and... 

It has also been mentioned that salt iodization efficacy, the preferred strategy for IDD, might be influenced by ID, because this disorder impairs thyroid metabolism (WHO, 2001, Zimmermann et al., 2000). It has been observed that two initial steps in thyroid hormone synthesis are catalyzed by Fe-dependent thyroid peroxidase (TPO). One Fe-defl-ciency anemia study in rats showed reduced TPO activity, and decreased plasma T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) levels (Hess et al, 2002). IDA may also alter the central nervous systems thyroid metabolism control, and reduce T4 to T3 peripheral conversion (Beard etal, 1998), modify nuclear T3 binding (Smith et al, 1994), and increase circulating thyrotropin (TSH) (Beard et at, 1990). The therapeutic response to oral iodized oil is impaired in children with IDA compared with Fe-sufficient children (Zimmermann et al, 2000). 

CCK is found in the digestive tract and the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the brain, CCK coexists with DA. In the peripheral nervous system, the two principal physiological actions of CCK are stimulation of gaU. bladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. CCK also stimulates glucose and amino acid transport, protein and DNA synthesis, and pancreatic hormone secretion. In the CNS, CCK induces hypothermia, analgesia, hyperglycemia, stimulation of pituitary hormone release, and a decrease in exploratory behavior. The CCK family of neuropeptides has been impHcated in anxiety and panic disorders, psychoses, satiety, and gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretions. 

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