Behavioral inhibition

Kagan J, Reznick JS, Clarke C, Snidman N, Garcia-Coll C (1984) Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Dev 55 2212-2225... 

Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Hirshfeld DR, Bolduc EA, Faraone SV, Kagan J, Snidman N, Reznick JS (1991) Further evidence of an association between behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders results from a family study of children from a non-clinical sample. J Psychiatr Res 25 49-65... 

Effects of early environmental adversity on HPA mediation of neurodevelopment have also been demonstrated in non-human primates (Coplan et al., 1995). Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) intracerebro-ventricular administration in rhesus monkeys that had been separated from their mothers produced behavioral inhibition and increases in ACTH and cortisol. Coplan et al (1995) presented evidence for persistently elevated cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in grown macaques that had been reared by mothers in unpredictable environmental conditions. Further studies in adversely reared adult monkeys demonstrated an inverse relationship between mean CRF concentrations and GH response to clonidine (Coplan et al., 2000). In light of evidence that reduced GH response to clonidine has been shown in other anxiety disorders (Charney and Bremner, 1999), Coplan et al. (2000) hypothesize that GH response to clonidine may inversely reflect trait-like increases of central nervous system CRF activity. Data linking childhood anxiety to growth deficits are consistent with this view (Pine et al., 1996). Activity, of the HPA axis, as related to early environmental... 

The contribution of serotonin to specific human behaviors remains uncertain. Serotonin has been postulated to contribute to temperament or personalty traits such as harm avoidance (Cloninger, 1987) or behavioral inhibition (Soubrie, 1986), or to categorical dimensions such as OCD (Barr et ah, 1992), anxiety and fear (Charney et ah, 1990), or depression (Grahame-Smith, 1992), as well as to satiety for food consumption. It is possible that separate components of serotonin neuronal systems (i.e., different pathways or receptors) are coded for such specific behaviors. However, that may not be consistent with the neurophysiology of serotonin neuronal function. 

Behavior. Activity level, restlessness, distractibility, behavioral inhibition, expressions of anxiety, engagement with the parents and with the interviewer, and evidence of medication side effects should be observed. Increased activity level could be a symptom of anxiety, ADHD, or mania. Particular rating scales may be useful, as discussed in Chapter 32 of this text. 

Barkley, R. (1997b) Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull 121 65—94. 

Biederman J, Rosenbaum JF, Chaloff J, et al Behavioral inhibition as a risk factor, in Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Edited by March JS. New York, Guilford, 1995... 

Kafka M, Wirz-Justice A, Naber D, et al Effect of lithium on circadian neurotransmitter receptor rhythms. Neuropsychobiology 8 41-50, 1982 Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidman N The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition. Child Dev 58 1459-1473, 1987... 

At the same time, excessive novelty seeking or sensation seeking may be patently disadvantageous where behavioral inhibition is necessary to avoid predation or other dangerous circumstances. 

A few recent studies have looked at behavioral inhibition using reaction time tasks that require the participant to make quick responses to go signals and inhibit responding to stop signals. An impairment in the ability to inhibit responses is used as a measure of impulsivity. Cocaine... 

NE-induced activation of the amygdala is probably involved in the emotional response to stress which includes behavior inhibition and freezing awareness. NE activation of hippocampus and PFC mediates the behavioral response to stress and danger. This response includes awareness, attention and activity. 

D, et al. The corticotropin-releasing hormone gene and behavioral inhibition in children at risk for panic disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 2005 57 1485-1492. 

Zalcman SS (2002) Interleukin-2-induced increases in climbing behavior Inhibition by dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptor antagonists. Brain Res 944 157-164. 

The differential diagnosis of anxiety disorders includes medical and psychiatric illnesses and certain drugs. Family studies show that SAD can be inherited, with a threefold increase in the rate of SAD in relatives of patients. Behavioral inhibition, characterized by wariness, decreased social interaction, and withdrawal, is a genetic trait that may contribute to SAD. " Patients with SAD commonly report having overprotective parents. Parental dysfunction and abuse are potential risk factors for developing SAD. "... 

It has been suggested that the central disorder of ADHD is an impairment of behavioral inhibition of responding to inappropriate external stimuli or distracters (Barkley, 1997). Children with ADHD showed excessive errors of commission and a stronger tendency to respond correctly and in error during a Continuous Performance Task (laboni et al.,... 

Table 7. Myzus persicae settling behavior inhibition (%SI) caused by the monoterpene 2,10-bisaboladien-l-one (23) in choice assays. Effective doses (EC50) and geraniol (G), the sesquiterpene precursor farnesol (F) and the sesquiterpene 95% confidence limits (lower and upper) of the test compounds [34].

Surfactants function by altering the interfacial tension between the solid (particles) and liquid (surfactants). Their action as anticaking agents is not clearly understood, and various mechanisms have been proposed - protection from moisture, spreading of liqiid film, modification of crystal makeip/behavior, inhibition of dissolution and crystallization, and modification of bond tensile strength. 

Behavioral inhibition, as assessed on measures like the A-not-B task (Fagen and Ohr, 2001 McCall, 1994). Tasks of this type may be sensitive to nutrients involved in monoamine synthesis (Lozoff et ah, 1998). 

Fox NA, Henderson HA, Rubin KH, Calkins SD, Schmidt LA. 2001. Continuity and discontinuity of behavioral inhibition and exuberance Psychophysiological and behavioral influences across the first four years of life. Child Dev 72 -2. ... 

In animal studies, NC was shown to act as an anxiolytic by limiting the behavioral inhibition that would be associated with stressful/anxiety-provoking situations [1,7]. 

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