Hormone types

Histamine, an important mediator (local signaling substance) and neurotransmitter, is mainly stored in tissue mast cells and basophilic granulocytes in the blood. It is involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions. Histamine liberators such as tissue hormones, type E immunoglobulins (see p. 300), and drugs can release it. Histamine acts via various types of receptor. Binding to Hi receptors promotes contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchia, and dilates the capillary vessels and increases their permeability. Via H2 receptors, histamine slows down the heart rate and promotes the formation of HCl in the gastric mucosa. In the brain, histamine acts as a neurotransmitter. 

Hsu SY, Hsueh AJW (2001) Human stresscopin and stresscopinn-related peptide are selective ligands for the corticotropin-releasing hormone type 2 receptor. Nat Med 7 605-611 lino K, Sasano H, Oki Y, Andoh N, Shin RW, Kitamoto T, Takahashi K, Suzuki H, Tezuka F, Yoshimi T, Nagura H (1999) Urocortin expression in the human central nervous system. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 50 107-114... 

Hammack SE, Richey KJ, Schmid MJ, LoPresti ML, Watkins LR, Maier SF (2002) The role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the dorsal raphe nucleus in mediating the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress. J Neurosci 22 1020-1026 Hammack SE, Schmid MJ, LoPresti ML, Der-Avakian A, Pellymounter MA, Foster AC, Watkins LR, Maier SF (2003) Corticotropin releasing hormone type 2 receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus mediate the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress. J Neurosci 23 1019-1025... 

Apart from the antimicrobial growth promoters, there have been some other hormonal-type compounds with anabolic activity that are administered usually... 

The decreased level of androgens in castrated male cattle as a result of testicular removal leads to production of a carcass that is intermediate between that of an intact male and a female. Since the increased proportion of fat in such a carcass makes it less valuable for the health-conscious consumer, extensive research has been directed towards replacing the loss of carcass quality resulting from castration, by administration to the animals of various natural and synthetic hormonal substances, collectively called anabolic hormonal-type growth promoters. These compounds can substantially increase growth rate and improve feed efficiency and carcass composition in a process that may be highly profitable for the animal feeders. 

The use of anabolic hormonal-type growth promoters in ruminants can create a hormonal situation in castrates, females, and young stock that may be similar to that found in intact males and pregnant females. Accordingly, the 193... 

Unlike in the United States where some anabolic hormonal-type growth promoters are permitted, use of these compounds, either natural or synthetic, as growth promoters in meat-producing animals has not been allowed in the European Union since 1988, due to potential adverse effects to human health. Nevertheless, many anabolic hormonal-type growth promoters are still used illegally in the European Union. 

The distribution of residues of anabolic hormonal-type growth promoters in animal tissues depends on their mode of metabolism and excretion. Residues are commonly found in muscle, fat, liver, kidney, and milk, as well as in urine, bile, and feces. In general, residue concentrations tend to be higher in the excreta than in tissues. Control of the abuse of these compounds is usually carried out through the analysis of edible tissues, injection sites, kidney, fat, urine, or even feces. In recent years, use of fecal samples has become of increasing importance because of their ease of collection in intensive livestock farming. 

ANABOLIC HORMONAL-TYPE GROWTH PROMOTERS Estradiol and related 556.240 Estradiol... 

ANABOLIC HORMONAL-TYPE GROWTH Diethylstilbestrol Bovine muscle... 

Use of hormonal-type substances for growth promotion and fattening purposes in food-producing animals is prohibited or restricted in many countries. Administration of diethylstilbestrol, in particular, has been totally banned worldwide. This implies that adequate analytical methods should be available for regulatory control. Due to its sensitivity, radioimmunoassay has have become most important in diethylstilbestrol analysis and represents the final detection step in the EU reference method for stilbene residues analysis (100). 

Multiresidue methods that present attractive performance characteristics in the analysis of anabolic hormonal-type growth promoters in meat are those reported by Lagana and Marino (453), and Hartmann and Steinhart (452). 

Table 29.13 Physicochemical Methods for Anabolic Hormonal-type Growth Promoters in Biological Matrices... 

The barbiturate type, the clofibrate type, the polycyclic hydrocarbon type, the steroid hormone type, and alcohol/acetone/isoniazid type. For example, the polycyclic hydrocarbon type act through a receptor. The barbiturate type increase liver blood flow. 

The locus of the encounter between hormone and receptor may be extracellular, cytosolic, or nuclear, depending on the hormone type. The intracellular consequences of hormone-receptor interaction are of at least six general types (1) a change in membrane potential results from the opening or closing of a hormone-gated... 

By definition, these synthetic compounds are not hormones, although they are sometimes loosely referred to as hormone-type compounds. 

With the exception of 2,4-D and gibberellic acid treatments of a variety of citrus crops, where improved fruit set, reduced fruit drop, and the ability to delay harvesting without loss of fruit quality are recognized benefits, few applications have been developed for the use of hormone-type regulators in tropical fruits. Recent work has shown that gibberellic acid will delay postharvest ripenining and improve the quality of bananas and that napthaleneacetic acid treatment of oil palm to delay fruit abscission has increased both yield and oil content. 

Q10 When choosing an oral contraceptive, a preparation with the lowest oestrogen and progestogen content that can control the cycle is selected. In older women or women with a history of venous thrombosis who require contraception, a progestogen-only preparation may be more suitable than the combined hormonal type, but unfortunately this is not a suitable choice for Shabana s problem. 

There are two types of female sex hormones, estrogens and progestins. The male sex hormones are called andrt ens. The most important members of each hormone type are given in Table 29.6. 

Kuron [Dow]. TM for a hormone-type weed and brush killer. 

The barbiturate type the clofibrate type the polycyclic hydrocarbon type the steroid hormone type alcohol/acetone/isoniazid type. 

In the case of erythropoeitin and a few other hormone-type protein products, a process based on roUerbotdes appears to be sufficient to supply the market with product. In this case, adherent cells are cultivated on the inner surface of a cyhn-drical bottle having a volume of 1, 2 or 3 L. A typical 2-L bottle provides an iimer surface of 850 cm, but there are variations of these bottles that provide extended areas for attachment of cells. A simple and reproducible process can be estabhshed with minimal initial investment in equipment using such rollerbotUes. Provided that there are sufficient human resources available, this process can be easily scaled up since the number of rollerbottles handled in parallel determines scale. 

It forms alkali metal and amine salts, which are readily soluble in water and are compatible with other hormone-type weed killers. 

During World War II plant physiological research, which began almost a century ago, led to the discovery of substances of immense practical importance — the hormone-type phenoxy herbicides. 

---