Homo/copolymerisation

Low and medium molecular weight polymers and copolymers such as isobutylene, butylene, propylene, and so on, at the stage of cationic homo copolymerisation. 

Many publications dealing with the free-radical homo/copolymerisation of saturated fatty acid acrylates and methacrylates appeared between 2001 and 2011, particularly using living systems such as atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) [91-112]. Monomers were prepared, for example, by the reaction of acrylic and methacrylic acid chlorides with fatty alcohols of different chain length, as shown in Scheme 4.23 in the case of methacrylates (which also includes their ATRP conditions). A very... 

Thermoplastic solution acrylic resins were the first type of acrylics to be commercialised in the 1930 s, for speciality uses. In the 1950 s they began to be used for automotive applications, in the United States, replacing nitrocellulose based finishes and synthetic enamels. They offered significantly improved colour, colour stabibty and exterior durability over other polymers of similar cost. Thermoplastic acrylics are prepared by the homo/copolymerisation of acrylic monomers and are usually regarded as inert. Today two main classes of thermoplastic acrylics are commercially available ... 

There are many studies of the mechanism and kinetics of the polymerisation of cyclic oxygen compounds, but only relatively few of these are concerned with cyclic formals. In the present paper I will review this field, and I hope to show that formals have some special characteristics which distinguish their polymerisations from those of other cyclic oxygen compounds. Since it is not possible to deal with all aspects of this group of reactions in one lecture, I will concentrate attention on questions of chemistry and mechanism, and I will not deal with other aspects, such as the thermodynamics and kinetics of these polymerisations. Most of the published work has been done with 1,3-dioxolan (I) and there are only very few papers on any other cyclic formals, although the patent literature on the homo- and copolymerisation of (I) and other cyclic formals is quite extensive. 

PAN.PMMA and Copolymer of AN/lC Conditions were optimised for homo-polysjerisation of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate monomers and copolymerisation of AK/MMA. The characteristics of these polymers are given in Table II. 

Other trialkyltin-containing monomers such as 3-tributyltinstyrene (84), tributyltin methacrylate (85) and 4-[bis(trimethylstannyl)methyl]styrene (86) were also reported to homo- and copolymerise with styrene under radical conditions175-177. In addition, 3-tributyltinstyrene (84) was copolymerised under radical conditions with ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile175. A functional methacrylate-based polymer was prepared by the copolymerization of the triorganotin methacrylate monomer 87 with styrene and divinylbenzene178,179. 

Cycloolefins having rings with more than four carbon atoms do not homo-polymerise in the presence of Ziegler-Natta catalysts based on titanium or vanadium compounds as precursors and alkylaluminium activators. However, these cycloolefins may copolymerise with ethylene via the double bonds while preserving the cycloolefin ring ethylene is able to compensate the steric hindrance at the Ca atom of the growing chain after and before the 1,2-insertion of the cycloolefin [2],... 

It has been suggested, therefore, that it is the kind of rare-earth metal that influences the reactivity of butadiene in homo- and copolymerisation rather than the kind of ligand [224]. 

There are several properties of luminescent materials that need to be controlled in order to make efficient LEDs and lasers. The first is the colour of the emission, which is primarily determined by the energy difference (band-gap) between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), but in the solid state is also affected by interactions between the molecules or polymer chains which can lead to red-shifts in the emission due to formation of aggregates. This can be controlled by manipulating both the polymer backbone and the substituents. Polyphenylenes are intrinsically blue-emitting materials with large HOMO-LUMO gaps, but as we will show, by copolymerisation with other materials it is possible to tune the emission colour across the entire visible spectrum. Even without the incorporation of comonomers it is possible to tune the... 

Xia and Advincula have prepared copolymers 58 containing hole-transporting carbazole units by Yamamoto copolymerisation (Scheme 25) [165]. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the HOMO energy level increased from 5.8 eV to 5.6 eV with 10mol% carbazole and to 5.5 eV with 30 mol % car-... 

The polymer, which has a broad antimicrobial spectmm and produces a sufficient antimicrobial effect after a short contact time, is obtained by homo- or copolymerising a phosphonium salt type vinyl monomer, such as 2-(methaciylic acid) ethyltri-n-octylphosphonium chloride. The contact lens and article for its care are scarcely affected by contamination with microorganisms while retaining excellent optical performance and processability. 

The polymer is prepared by homo- or copolymerising a vinyl phosphonium salt monomer, such as 2-methacryloxyethyltri-n-octylphosphonium chloride and has a wide antimierobial spectram and a sufficient antimicrobial effect, even with a short contact time. The lens and lens care products exhibit excellent optical properties and processabihty. 

First attempts at template polymerisation were carried out in the radical polymerisation of acrylic monomers onto synthetic templates in aqueous environment and the development of efficient monitoring systems for the investigation of template influence on the reaction kinetics of homo- and copolymerisation (24-30). After these studies, attention was devoted to transferring the lesson learned by- studying fully synthetic systems to the preparation of bioartificial materials by polymerising acrylic monomers onto a template of natural origin. 

Integral and differential kinetic curves for homo- and copolymerisation of 4FMA and MMA were calculated for different ratios of monomers in the initial monomeric mixtureat initiation of benzoyl, lauryl and azo-fcfs-(isobutyronitrile) peroxides with the help of known values of heat effects of MMA and 4FMA homopolymerisation and the value of heat of crossed propagation obtained from experimental dependencies of heat elimination rates on the reaction time. 

Another method, namely the macromonomer (macromer) technique, has also been reported. In this method, the macromer is initially prepared by the reaction of hydroxyl-containing oil specimens with a vinyl monomer such as acrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (Rg. 8.7). This macromer is then homopolymerised and copolymerised with styrene. It is also possible to obtain the macromer by transesterification of linseed oil and castor oil. It may subsequently be homo- and copolymerised by the same method. 

Great Lakes polymerises a brominated styrene monomer. This monomer can be either homo- or copolymerised. In this way, a variety of different products that vary in bromine content or in molecular weight, can be made to address specific performance needs of the customer. This route contains some inherent strengths but also weaknesses relative to competitive products. 

Gosmann, M. Norbomen Homo- und Copolymerisation durch Katalysatoren auf Basis spdter (fbergangsmetalle. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Hamburg, Germany, 2000. 

Homo- or copolymerisation of a vinyl monomer (or other polymerizable groups) bearing a metal complex/chelate or a ligand as a metal complex/chelate precursor [equation (11)]. 

L-lactic acid is a metabolic intermediate. It can be obtained at low cost from the fermentation of agricultural and food by-products containing carbohydrates such as corn and sugar [30-31]. Racemic lactic acid is produced by petrochemistry or racemisation of the L-enantiomer [32]. As mentioned before, the main advantage of this family is an outstanding versatility due to the chirality, and polymerisation and copolymerisation of various lactides. Figure 9.2 shows the formula of various lactides with links to derived homo- and stereocopolymers whose configurational structures (distribution of L- and D-lactyl units) are represented schematically. 

Barudio I, Fevotte G, McKenna TF. Density data for copolymer systems butyl acrylate/vinyl acetate homo- and copolymerisation in ethyl acetate. Eur Polym J 1999 35 775-780. 

Two main nitroxide families have been examined TEMPO (N1 in Figure 5.6) and derivatives (N2-N7) and SGI (NIO). With TEMPO, most of the results were related to styrene homopolymerisation and only a few articles reported the homopolymerisation of n-butyl acrylate (Georges et al, 2004) in addition to its copolymerisation with styrene. With SGI, the homo-, random and block copolymerisations were investigated for both styrene and -butyl acrylate monomers. Only in the case of styrene has the emulsion process been examined, and due to the difficulties encountered most authors turned their attention towards miniemulsion polymerisation. 

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