History of Exploration

Byrd Mountains consist of highly deformed and regionally metamorphosed mainly peUtic sedimentary rocks believed to be of Neoproterozoic age (Stump 1995 Davis and Blankenship 2005). Excerpt from the topographic map of the Leverett Glacier, Antarctica, SVl-10/7 published in 1968 by the US Geological Survey in Washington, DC Contour interval 200 m 

During the 1964/65 field season Velon H. Minshew landed on Mt. Webster in a US Army helicopter that was stationed at the time at a geological field camp (Camp Ohio 11) on the Reedy Glacier (Caloplaca Hills, Antarctica, SVl-10/12, US Geological Survey, 1968, Washington, DC). Mt. Webster in Fig. 6.17 is the principal nunatak in the area north of the Leverett Glacier and is located about 23 km south of Mt. Manke in the Harold Byrd Mountains. Minshew measured a stratigraphic section of the sedimentary and volcanic rocks at Mt. Webster and used these rocks to define the Leverett Formation (Minshew 1967 Mirsky 1969). 

The stratigraphic section on Mt. Webster, measured by Minshew in 1965, was continued by Edmund Stump during the 1978/79 field season in the course of a geological reconnaissance. Stump (1995) later used the results of this work to define the Party Formation which is composed primarily of clastic sedimentary rocks exemplified by the rocks exposed along a ridge south of Mt. Nichols in Fig. 6.16 (Stump et al. 1978 Stump 1995 Lowry 1980 Heintz 1980). 

The geologic mapping of the nunataks north of the Leverett Glacier was expanded during the 1992/93 field 

The most recent geologic map of the Queen Maud Mountains by Davis and Blankenship (2005) indicates that the western half of the Harold Byrd Mountains consists of rocks of the Party Formation and of Granite Harbor Intrusives, whereas the eastern nunataks (Mt. Manke, Cressey Peak, and Fadden Peak) consist of the rocks of the Leverett Formation). Similarly, the Bender 

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Finger, S. Origins of Neuroscience a History of Explorations into the Brain. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994. 

For a history of the studies in the Black Sea, see the chapter Brief history of exploration and oceanographic investigation . 

As an example of the state-of-the-art in petroleum geology around 1885, it is interesting to follow the history of exploration on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. The initial story is rather similar to the Pennsylvanian situation. 

The history of exploration of Antarctica was beautifully illustrated in two large books published by Reader s Digest (1985,1990) while McPherson (1975) presented pictures of the landscapes of the Transantarctic Mountains where geologists now travel and work. The wildlife in the context of the surreal landscapes of Antarctica was captured in pictures by the incomparable Elliot Porter (Porter 1978). In addition, the calendars published annually by Colin and Betty Monteath of New Zealand emphasize the serene beauty of Antarctica when the Sun happens to be shining (Monteath and Monteath 1990-2004). 

Owen, E. W. 1975. The earliest oil industry. In Trek of the oil finders A history of exploration for petroleum, pp. 1-14. Tulsa The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. 

Introduction and commercial application Investment opportunities in the exploration and production (E P) sector of oil and gas business are abundant. Despite areas such as the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the North Slope in Alaska being mature areas, there are still many new fields under development in those regions, and new areas of business interest are opening up in South America, Africa and South East Asia. Some fields which have a production history of decades are being redeveloped, such as the Pedernales Field in Venezuela. 

The literature in this area is extensive and some of the concepts and symbolism may be transitory. This chapter reviews the field at a level and with a coverage adequate for the experimentalist to use the standard relationships and to follow their use in the mechanistic literature. Research on the meaning of the extrathermody-namic relationships themselves is beyond our needs the interested reader can explore these ideas further in the references cited. Grunwald has reviewed the early history of LFERs. 

McCaslin, J. C. (1983). Petroleum Exploration Worldwide A History of Advances Since 1950 and a Look at Future Targets. Tulsa, OK PennWell Books. 

Many landmark papers in the history of the exploration of the connections between entropy, information and computation appear in the excellent collection of reprints edited by Leff and Rex [lefF90]. 

In the next parts of this chapter, we explore similarities between students conceptual change and paradigm change in the history of science and draw some initial conclusions about how to use these similarities in classrooms. 

In The Business of Alchemy, Pamela Smith explores the relationships among alchemy, the court, and commerce in order to illuminate the cultural history of the Holy Roman Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In showing how an overriding concern with religious salvation was transformed into a concentration on material increase and economic policies, Smith depicts the rise of modern science and early capitalism. In pursuing this narrative, she focuses on that ideal prey of the cultural historian, an intellectual of the second rank whose career and ideas typify those of a generation. Smith follows the career of Johann Joachim Becher (1635-1682) from university to court, his... 

In this consideration of the history of European alchemy, Newman explores the relations between the natural and artificial and the links between art and science." Focusses primarily on the period between 1200 and 1700. Contents Introduction. From Alchemical Gold to Synthetic Humans The Problem of... 

Explores the role throughout history of the occupations involved with science and technology, including alchemists. .. 

The discovery of the binary (Yb,Ca)-Cd i-QCs [19] was a remarkable milestone in the history of QCs. The reasons are apparent they offered unique opportunities for structural analyses as they exhibited negligible chemical disorder, probably because of the large differences in the chemical crystallography of the components, in contrast to more common problems with ternary intermetallics. In addition, they also represented new (Tsai) types of AC cores and of i-QCs with a structural motif different from those of the Mackay and Bergman types (above) that were better known at the time. Without doubt, such a breakthrough discovery must lead to an era of related chemical explorations or tunings. Actually, almost all of the i-QC systems developed since 2000 are Tsai types [28,29], including our own additions (below). 

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