History and Technology

The dry milling process is still the most commonly used method for making gold bronze, whereas the wet milling process is the state-of-the-art technology for manufacturing aluminum pigments. 

Atomized aluminum powder is milled in ball mills in the presence of mineral spirit and a lubricant. After the disintegration process, the pigment slurry is sieved and classified and pressed on a filter press to remove the excess solvent. The press cake (typical solvent content ca. 75 to 80%) is then blended with organic solvents to form an aluminum paste typically containing 65% solids and 35% solvent. 

In applications, where aluminum powder is requested (e.g. in powder coatings) or where the rest of the remaining mineral spirit would not be compatible with the application medium (e.g. in printing inks, waterborne coatings and inks, master-batches etc.), the mineral spirit of the press cake is removed in vacuum driers and substituted by any kind of solvent, water, plasticizer, mineral oil or other liquids. 

A rather new technology is the process for making the so-called vacuum metaUized pigments (VMPs) , where extremely thin and smooth metaUized films are dissolved from the carrier, then disintegrated and processed as a pigment suspension in a variety of solvents [5.173]. 

Besides the bare metal effect pigments there is a whole variety of speciaUy treated or encapsulated metal pigments, to create new effects or to modify the pigment properties according to the needs of special appUcations  

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Modem synthetic polymers are the subject of increasing research by conservation scientists. Not only does their frequent use in conservation treatments require a better understanding of their long term stabiUty, but also many objects, including those in collections of contemporary art and in history and technology museums, are made out of these new materials. 

Frankel, R., S. Avitsur, and E. Ayalon (1994), History and technology of olive oil, in E. Ayalon (ed.), The Holy Land, Olearius, Arlington and Tel Aviv. 

Kendall, E.C. (1959). John Deere s Steel Plow. Paper No. 2. Contributions from Museum of History and Technology. United States National Museum Bulletin No. 218. Washington, DC Smithsonian Institution, pp. 15-25. 

X. Roque, Marie Curie and the Radium Industry A Preliminary Sketch, in X. Roque and Soraya Boudia (eds.), Science, Medicine and Industry The Curie and Joliot-Cu-rie Laboratories, special issue of History and Technology 13, number 4 (1997) 267-291. 

The System Lime and Phosphoric Acid —Solubility of Calcium Phosphates— Conditions of Formation of Basic and Acid Calcium Phosphates—Composition of Solutions Saturated with Calcium Hydrogen Phosphates—Equilibria between Solid Phases and Solutions at Various Temperatures—Changes during Neutralisation—The Acid Phosphates—Manufacture of Superphosphate—Retrogression—Treatment of Special Ores—Phosphoric Acid— Commercial Preparation and Extraction from Rook—The History and Technology of Superphosphate Manufacture—Mixed and Concentrated Phosphorio Fertilisers—Potassium Phosphates—Ammonium Phosphates. 

See Nuria Puig Raposo and Santiago Lopez, Ciencia e Industria en Espana. El Instituto Quimico de Sarria, 1916-1992 (Barcelona Institut Qui mic de Sarria, 1992) and idem, Chemists, engineers, and entrepreneurs. The Chemical Institute of Sarria s impact on Spanish industry (1916-1992), History and Technology, 11 (1994), 345-359. 

Haerding GH (1999) Eeiroelectric ceramics history and technology. J Am Ceram Soc... 

Frazier, A.H. (1974). Edwin S. Nettleton. Water current meters in the Smithsonian Collections of the National Museum of History and Technology 75-77. Washington DC. P Nettleton, E.S. (1885). Report of the State Engineer to the Government of Colorado for the years 1883 and 1884. Collier Cleaveland Denver. 

Department of Architectural Design, History and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway. 

Ulrich Marsch, "Strategies for success Research organization in German chemical companies and I.G. Farben until 1936," History and technology, 12 (1994), 25-77. 

Louis Galambos and Jeffrey L. Sturchio, "Transnational investment The Merck experience, 1891-1925," in Hans Pohl, ed.. Transnational investment from the nine-teenth century to the present (Stuttgart, 1994), 227-243 and Kathryn Steen, "Confiscated commerce American importers of German synthetic organic chemicals, 1914-1929," History and technology, 12 (1995), 261-285. 

Diacon, T. A. (2004). Stringing together a nation Candida Mariano Da Silva Rondon ami the construction of a modern Brazil, 1906-1930. Durham/London Duke University Press. Downey, G. L. (2007). Low cost, mass use American engineers and the metrics of progress. History and Technology, 25(3), 289-308. 

Lucena, J. C. (2007). De Criollos aMexicanos Engineers identity and the construction of Mexico. History and Technology, 23(3), 275-288. 

Downey, G., Lucena, J. (2004). Knowledge and professional identity in engineering Code-switching and the metric of progress. History and Technology, 20(4), 393-420. 

Eighteenth-century chemists experimental histories and technological improvements were conditioned to a considerable extent by the material culture of academic laboratories and their intersection with laboratories in the arts and crafts. This would... 

The introduction of PCBs for use in electric transformers and capacitors in 1929 represented a major breakthrough in the history and technology of dielectric fluids (Durfee et 1976). Essentially, PCBs were used as a fire safety measure by virtue of their good dielectric characteristics, chemical and physical stability, and inertness. Unfortunately, these qualities have also contributed to their persistence and bioaccumulation in the environment (Jensen, 1986 Holmes et al., 1967 Risebrough et al., 1969). 

Gary Lee Downey and Juan C. Lucena, Knowledge and Professional Identity in Engineering, History and Technology 20, no. 4 (December 2004) 393-420. 

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