History ceramics

Kingery. W.D. (ed.) (1986). Technology and Style Symposium on Ceramic History and Archaeology. American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio. 

Although this book covers most aspects of ceramics, most attention is paid to the period from approximately 1850 until now. This period is characterized by a rapid growth of industrial ceramics and a flourishing period for the type of ceramics which hardly used clay as a raw material, the co-called technical ceramics. The number of applications of ceramic materials in the period from 1850 until 2000 is much larger than in the entire ceramic history before 1850 (figure 2.5)... 

F.H. Norton, Cycles in ceramic history, in Ceramic Processing Before Firing, G.Y. Onoda and L.L. Hench (eds.), John Wiley, New York, 1978, pp. 3-10. 

FIGURE 2.4 The flow of ceramic history illustrates the mainstreams of earthenware, terra cotta, and stoneware, of triaxial hard-paste porcelain, of quartz-based bodies, and of tin-glazed ware. Some important shaping and decorative techniques are illustrated, but the diagram is far from complete. 

For the student with an interest in ceramic history the book by Kingery and Vandiver (1986) and the Ceramics and Civilization series edited by W.D. Kingery (1985,1986), The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH are good resources. Volume I Ancient Technology to Modem Science (1985). Volume II Technology and Style (1986). Volume III High-Technology Ceramics—Past, Present, and Future (1986). 

Haerding GH (1999) Eeiroelectric ceramics history and technology. J Am Ceram Soc... 

Haertling, G.H. (1999). Ferroelectric Ceramics History and Technology, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol.82, Issue.4, pp.797-818, ISSN 1551-2916... 

Technological History. Archaeologists often divide the neolithic period, the latter part of what used to be called the Stone Age, into pre- and post ceramic, with reference to when ceramics came into production (88—92). Actually, there are occasions of pre-ceramic pyrotechnology, such as in the case of the fifth millenium BC mideastem plaster production (93). So far the eadiest occurrence of ceramics is in the 28th millenium BC in Eastern Europe, although here the technique was not used for the production of vessels but of figurines (94). 

Semiconducting Ceramics. Most oxide semiconductors are either doped to create extrinsic defects or annealed under conditions in which they become non stoichiometric. Although the resulting defects have been carefully studied in many oxides, the precise nature of the conduction is not well understood. Mobihty values associated with the various charge transport mechanisms are often low and difficult to measure. In consequence, reported conductivities are often at variance because the effects of variable impurities and past thermal history may overwhelm the dopant effects. 

The addition of oxides to ceramic bodies and to glasses to produce color has been known since antiquity (2). The use of iron and copper oxides predates recorded history. Cobalt was introduced into Chinese porcelain about 700 AD. Chromium compounds have been used since 1800 AD. 

Burke, and also Suits and Bueche (1967), tell the history of the evolution of pore-free, and hence translucent, polycrystalline alumina, dating from the decision by Herbert Hollomon at GE (see Section 1.1.2) in 1954 to enlarge GE s research effort on ceramics. In 1955, R.L. Coble Joined the GE Research Center from MIT and... 

The elements are obtainable in a state of very high purity but some of their physical properties are nonetheless variable because of their dependence on mechanical history. Their colours (Cu reddish, Ag white and Au yellow) and sheen are so characteristic that the names of the metals are used to describe them. Gold can also be obtained in red, blue and violet colloidal forms by the addition of vtirious reducing agents to very dilute aqueous solutions of gold(III) chloride. A remarkably stable example is the Purple of Cassius , obtained by using SnCla as reductant, which not only provides a sensitive test for Au but is also used to colour glass and ceramics. Colloidal silver and copper are also obtainable but are less stable. 

Plastics are no different in this respect than other materials. If steel, aluminum, and ceramics were to be made into a different complex shapes and no prior history on their behavior for that processing shape existed, a period of trial and error would be required to ensure their meeting the required measurements. If relevant processing information or experience did exist, it would be possible for these metallic (or plastic) products to meet the requirements with the first product produced. Experience on new steel shapes always took trial and error time that included different shaped high pressure hydraulic steel cylinders that failed in service when used in a new injection molding hydraulically operating machine (author s experience). 

The history and development of polysilane chemistry is described. The polysilanes (polysilylenes) are linear polymers based on chains of silicon atoms, which show unique properties resulting from easy delocalization of sigma electrons in the silicon-silicon bonds. Polysilanes may be useful as precursors to silicon carbide ceramics, as photoresists in microelectronics, as photoinitiators for radical reactions, and as photoconductors. 

Rice, P. M. (ed.) (1997), The Prehistory and History of Ceramic Kilns, The American Ceramic Society. 

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