History and Synthesis

Braun and Tcherniac obtained Pc for the first time in 1907 as a byproduct of the preparation of o-cyanobenzamide from phthalimide and acetic anhydride [40,51], which did not draw the attention of scientific peers at that time. Later, a similar synthesis was reported by de Diesbach and von der Weid, in 1927, who prepared copper-phtalocyanine (CuPc) by reacting o-dibromobenzene with copper cyanide in pyridine [52]. The deep-blue CuPc exhibited exceptional stability to sulfuric acid, alkahes, and heat. An extensive study of the Pcs was conducted by Linstead during the 1930s and elucidated their structure. He also developed and improved methods to synthesize several metal Pcs. 

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This article reviews the history and synthesis of tetraphenylene (tetrabenzo[n, c, e, g] cyclooctatetraene), its ability to enclathrate a wide range of guest species, the structural characteristics of the resulting class of clathrate inclusion compounds, and synthetic approaches to the preparation of tetraphenylene derivatives which may serve as potential host systems. 

Bradley, D.C., Mehrotra, R.C., and Gaur, D.P. (1978) Metal Alkoxides, Academic Press, London. This is essential reading if you want to find out more. It gives a detailed account of the history and synthesis of metal alkoxides, together with a full list of references. 

Wiener JG, Shields PJ. 2000. Mercury hr the Sudbury River (Massachusetts, USA) pollution history and a synthesis of recent research. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57 1053-1061. 

Miller, K.G., Fairbanks, R.G. and Mountain, G.S. (1987) Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea level history, and continental margin erosion. Paleoceanography, 2, 1-19. 

This is, in essence, the modern synthesis of Darwin and Mendel achieved in the 1930s by Ronald Fisher and J. B. S. Haldane. Based on a series of relatively straightforward equations, it also took the study of evolution out of meticulously observed natural history and located it within a more abstract mathematised theory. Indeed, evolution itself came to be defined not in terms of organisms and populations, but as the rate of change of gene frequencies within any given population. One consequence has been a tendency for theoretical evolutionists to retreat further and further into abstract hypotheticals based on computer simulations, and to withdraw from that patient observation of the natural world which so characterised Darwin s own method . 

Schulz, H. 1999. Short history and present trends of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 186 3-12. 

Cundy, C.S. and Cox, P.A. (2003). The hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites history and development from the earliest days to the present time. Chem, Rev. 103, 663-701... 

Sasha had recently published his critically acclaimed PIHKAL, a Chemical Love Story ( Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved. ). A lengthy book, the first part deals with his personal history and love affair with Ann. The second part is a technical compendium of the various psychedelic compounds he had developed. It includes structures, methods of synthesis and subjective effects as recorded by a group of special friends, who visited periodically to evaluate personally the latest of his psychoactive molecules. 

The early history of the DCC field is coincident with the publication of a series of landmark papers from the Dervan laboratory, describing a code for the design and synthesis of polypyrrole-polyimidazole compounds... 

Schacter DL (1987) Implicit memory history and cmrent status. J Exp Psychol 13 501-518 Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2000) Memory consolidation of auditory Pavlovian fear conditioning requires protein synthesis and protein kinase A in the amygdala. J Neurosci 20 RC96 Schafe GE, Nader K, Blair HT, LeDoux JE (2001) Memory consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning a cellular and molecular perspective. Trends Neurosci 24 540-546... 

When were the atoms that became our solar system synthesized The star formation rate in the galaxy was highest early in galactic history and a lot of heavy elements were produced. However, most of this material was subsequently incorporated into stars, and much of that has been permanently sequestered. On the other hand, much of the recently synthesized material has not yet been incorporated into a new generation of stars. This balance between synthesis and sequestration means that the birth dates of the elements that became the solar system are roughly evenly distributed over the 7.5 Gyr of galactic history prior to the solar system s birth (Clayton, 1988). 

Even this modest level of expertise will permit solution of a gratifying number of identification problems with no history and no other chemical or physical data. Of course, in practice other information is usually available the sample source, details of isolation, a synthesis sequence, or information on analogous material. Often, complex molecules can be identified because partial structures are known, and specific questions can be formulated the process is more confirmation than identification. In practice, however, difficulties arise in physical handling of minute amounts of compound trapping, elution from adsorbents, solvent removal, prevention of contamination, and decomposition of unstable com-... 

Sequential chemical tagging methods uses specific compounds (tags) as a code for the individual steps in the synthesis. These tag compounds are sequentially attached in the form of a polymer-like molecule to the same linker or bead as the library compound at each step in the synthesis (Figure 6.10). The amount of tag used at each step must be strictly controlled so that only a very small percentage of the available linker functional groups are occupied by a tag. At the end of the synthesis both the library compound and the tag compound are liberated from the bead. The tag compound must be produced in a sufficient amount to enable it to be decoded to give the history and hence the possible structure of the library compound. 

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