High pressure explosive compression

J.K. Dienes, A unified theory of flow, hot spots, and fragmentation with an application to explosive sensitivity, in High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids II Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation, L. Davison, D. Grady, and M. Shahinpoor Eds. Springer, New York, 1996. 

S. S. Batsanov Effects of Explosions on Materials - Modification and Synthesis under High Pressure Shock Compression, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, London, 1994... 

After detonation, the pressure of explosion product gases reaches several ten kilo atmospheres. Under the impact of high-temperature and high-pressure explosion product gases, the surrounding rocks are severely compressed. Their structures are damaged, and particles are crushed, even are liquefied suddenly. The whole rocks move radially, and exclusion zone or empty zone are formed. Outside the zone, deformation slip surfaces are induced. Inside the zone, structure damage and crush... 

If oil is pressurized by compressed air, an explosive hazard exists. If high-pressure air encounters the oil, it may create a diesel effect, which may result in an explosion. A carefully followed preventive maintenance plan is the best precaution against explosions. 

Adiabatic compression test High pressure is applied rapidly to a liquid in a U-shaped metal tube. Bubbles of hot compressed gas are driven into the liquid and may cause explosive decomposition of the liquid. This test is intended to simulate water hammer and sloshing effects in transportation, such as humping of railway tank cars. It is very severe and gives worst-case results. 

Returning to the subject of detonability , it may be noted, that it has been found difficult to induce detonation without simultaneous application of high pressures and temperatures in both secondary explosives and propellants. There is, of course, considerable heating in a shock compression. For the growth of detonation under marginal circumstances, however, the essential macro-... 

The initiating properties of the substance are characterized by the following figures (Taylor and Rinkenbach [163]) which indicate the amounts of primary explosive required to initiate different high explosives compressed under a pressure of about 14 kg/cm2. 

To clarify the nature of the afterflow term, it is appropriate for underwater explosions to consider the source as a spherical boundary in the fluid containing gas initially at high pressure. The initial pressure in the pressure wave is determined by the initial gas pressure. This initial compression leaves behind it outward flowing water in an increasingly large sphere. 

Compressed Air. Explosions have occurred in air compressors as a result of rapid oxidation of oil deposits in the piping between stages of multiple-stage compressors. Use of proper lubricants prevents deposition of oxidizable materials in high pressure piping (see LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS). High maintenance standards are required to detect and avoid the hazards associated with broken valves and other sources of hazardous recompression. 

Perfluorinated solvents can be handled like any other conventional liquids, and in some cases additional safety benefits may arise from their non-existant or very low flammability. Similarly, the use of nonflammable C02 will result in largely reduced risks of ignition or explosion. These factors make both media particularly attractive for oxidation chemistry. The handling of compressed C02 requires suitable high-pressure equipment and—as with all compressed gases—appropriate safety precautions have to be taken in order to avoid any potential hazards arising from catastrophic failure of the equipment. Such measures are, however, readily met on a laboratory or industrial scale and standard equipment is commercially available from many vendors (Jessop and Leitner, 1999). 

Beyond 10 kbar, mechanical means must be used diamond anvils. The diamond anvil method uses industrial diamonds, shaped to define a small volume, and tetrahedrally mounted pistons and anvils compress the two diamonds together to achieve very high ultimate pressures (200 kbar). Beyond such pressures, explosive charges can be used to achieve very high pressures for a very short time. The maximum pressures measured are around 1 Mbar. 

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