High Acid Types

A high acid type contains more than 16% acid monomer (10). High acid ionomer types have been widely described in the production of golf balls. They are used in multi-piece balls that exhibit an enhanced travel distance while maintaining the playability and durability characteristics necessary for repetitive play (11). 

High acid ionomers are neutralized to various extents by several different types of metal cations, such as by manganese, lithium, potassium, calcium and nickel cations. Several types can be blended. It has been found that these by additional cations neutralized high acid ionomer blends produce compositions exhibiting enhanced hardness and resilience due to synergies, which occur during processing (12). 

Consequently, these metal cation neutralized high acid ionomer resins can be blended to produce substantially higher coefficients of 

Such fibers can be produced, for example, as a copolymer composed from 80% ethene and 20% acrylic acid is extruded through a spin-nerette die into a 500 p diameter strand at 125°C and then drawn to a 10 ju diameter filament. The filament contains an orientation resembling to a cold-drawn filament (9). After several intermediate steps, eventually microporous chopped fibers are obtained that are useful as intermediates for forming high melting aluminum salt derivative fibers. This is effected by contacting the fibers with an aqueous solution of 0.5% aluminum sulfate. 

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In superacidic media, the carbocationic iatermediates, which were long postulated to exist duting Friedel-Crafts type reactions (9—11) can be observed, and even isolated as salts. The stmctures of these carbocations have been studied ia high acidity—low nucleophilicity solvent systems usiag spectroscopic methods such as nmr, ir, Raman, esr, and x-ray crystallography. 

Acidic Cation-Exchange Resins. Brmnsted acid catalytic activity is responsible for the successful use of acidic cation-exchange resins, which are also soHd acids. Cation-exchange catalysts are used in esterification, acetal synthesis, ester alcoholysis, acetal alcoholysis, alcohol dehydration, ester hydrolysis, and sucrose inversion. The soHd acid type permits simplified procedures when high boiling and viscous compounds are involved because the catalyst can be separated from the products by simple filtration. Unsaturated acids and alcohols that can polymerise in the presence of proton acids can thus be esterified directiy and without polymerisation. 

Except for dead-burned dolomite, all limes are much more reactive with acids than limestone. The high calcium types are the most reactive. 

One-step clean-and-shine products have become popular in the household market. These products are appHed to the floor with a sponge mop and their detergent action removes and suspends soil, which coUects on the mop and is removed when the mop is rinsed with water. The formulation, which remains on the floor, dries to a poHsh film. An earlier product of this type was dispensed from an aerosol as a foam. Formulas as of this writing (ca 1995) are appHed as Hquids (29,30). In one product, the dried film obtained from the formulation is soluble in the formulation, which includes low molecular weight, high acid polymers and a fairly large amount of ammonia (31). Repeated use does not contribute to a buildup of poHsh. 

The effect of various pHs has been well known for some time. Acidic foods such as fmits tend to retard microbial growth and resist certain types of contamination. For this reason, the standards adopted industry-wide have been based on the processing of foods of high acidity (low pH). In the United States, the FDA has regulatory responsibiUty over the preparation, sterilization, and distribution of foods. 

Not unexpectedly, this procedure reveals some dependence on the particular type of base used, so no universal Hq scale can be established. Nevertheless, this technique provides a very useful measure of the relative hydrogen-ion activity of concentrated acid solutions which can be used in the study of reactions that proceed only at high acid concentration. Table 4.8 gives Hq values for some water-sulfuric acid mixtures. 

The resin acids found in rosins are generally of the abietic- and pimaric-type. Rosins of various pine species differ in their content of abietic vs. pimaric-type acids. Rosins from species exhibiting high abietic-type acid compositions are preferred for production of rosin derivatives. However, the differences in properties of rosins are often associated with their non-resin acid content instead of their chemical compositions. On the other hand, the compositions of rosins from different sources greatly differ [22]. Table 8 shows a typical distribution of resin acids in rosins obtained from gum, tall oil and wood sources. 

For this use, the preferred powders are based on acrylic, epoxy or polyester and epoxy resins. For best colour, epoxy resins are crosslinked with anhydrides of dicarboxylic acids in the straight epoxy coatings, or with saturated polyesters of high acid content in the epoxy-polyester type. Acrylics contain epoxide rings via, for example, glycidyl methacrylate (CH2=C(CH3) —CO—O—CHj—CH —CH2), and these groups crosslink... 

Two types of digestion solutions are usually used for the chemical decomposition of the raw material hydrofluoric acid, HF, or a mixture of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids, HF and H2SO4 [32], The process is performed using solutions with relatively high acid concentrations, at elevated temperatures and under intensive stirring for several hours to ensure effective digestion. The raw material is nearly completely dissolved. 

The US military specification for polybutadiene is for the carboxyl terminated variety (Ref lb). The requirements of this spec are listed below for Type 1 (low acid), Type II (high acid)... 

An attractive feature of a mechanism of this type would be its ability to explain the observed ring-hydrogen isotope effect. A difficulty is the absence of the ortho isomer product, although conceivably as yet unidentified products derived from the (unstable) ortho isomer may be formed. An intermediate analogous to 71-complex has been suggested94 during the diazotisation of aniline at high acidities, viz. 

Members of the genus Proteus are unusually resistant to high concentrations of ehlorhexidine and other cationic biocides and are more resistant to EDTA than most other types of Gram-negative bacteria. A less acidic type of LPS may be responsible... 

Since formation of citraconic anhydride from pyruvic acid is one of "acid to acid type" transformations, such as reactions from isobutyric acid to methacrylic acid and from lactic acid to pyruvic acid, the required catalysts must be acidic [11). If the catalysts are basic, it may be impossible to obtained acidic products, because basic catalysts activate selectively acidic molecules and, as a result, they show a very high activity for the decomposition of acidic products [11]. 

Sodium alginate (algin) is one of the most widely used hydrocolloids for ice cream. It is supplied in several viscosity types. The lower viscosity material is recommended in order to prevent thick mixes. It is used at a level of 0.15 to 0.25%. It is added to mix at higher temperatures in order to minimize precipitation by calcium salts present in milk products. Sodium alginate is sensitive to high acidities often developed in some mixes and causes thickening. 

Corrosion inhibitors used in offshore oil production are highly cationic. However, the use of such cationic-based corrosion inhibitors for offshore oil platforms is becoming less acceptable for environmental reasons. Cationic inhibitors are attracted to metal surfaces, thereby controlling the acid-type corrosion. When these cationic corrosion inhibitors enter seawater, they are attracted to a particular type of algae, diatomes. These algae are part of a food-chain for mussels. The cationic inhibitors inhibit the growth of these algae. Betaines and ampholytes [1067] can be used instead of cationic inhibitors or... 

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