Heterogeneous catalysis Suzuki coupling reactions

Incorporation of metallo-phthalocyanines and metallo-porphyrins into PIM networks helps to allow access to the catalytic metal centers. It was shown that such network-PIMs demonstrate effective heterogeneous catalysis in reactions such as the oxidation of hydroquinone. Desulfurization of salt water has been shown to be catalyzed by a cobalt phthalocyanine network-PIM. Suzuki carbon-carbon coupling reactions can be catalyzed effectively by a hexaazatrinaphthylene-based Pd-loaded PIM network. 

An imine-based COF can uptake Pd ions into its pores by coordinating them via nitrogen atoms. These Pd ions on the COF walls show catalytic activity in heterogeneous catalysis as they are accessible for both the substrate and the reactant. One effective catalytic reaction by Pd/COF is the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, in which the catalyst shows tremendous activity with great recyclability. ... 

Palladium nanoparticles and other heterogeneous catalysts are often invoked as catalysts in cross-coupling processes [194, 195). Direct evidence in support of an oxidative-addition-promoted leaching mechanism has been recently obtained in the Suzuki-Miyaura reactions with nanoparticle catalysts, suggesting that true surface catalysis remains largely unknown with these heterogeneous catalysts [196]. 

W. S. Knowles, R. Noyori, K. B. Sharpless enantioselective catalysis) 2005 Y. Chauvin, R. H. Grubbs, R. R. Schrock (alkene metathesis) 2007 G. Ertl chem. processes on solid surfaces/mechanisms of heterogeneous catalysts) 2010 R. F. Heck, E. Negishi, A. Suzuki Pd Catalyzed cross coupling reactions). 

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