Hetero structure material

Keywords biosystems, catalytic systems, interfaces, bioprocess control, hetero-structured materials... 

Yang, W. L., Z. Gao, J. Ma, X. M. Zhang, J. Wang, and J. Y. Liu. 2014. Hierarchical NiCo204 NiO core-shell hetero-structured nanowire arrays on carbon cloth for a high-performance flexible all-solid-state electrochemical capacitor. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2 1448-1457. 

Mott insulators are a class of materials that should conduct electricity imder conventional band theories, but are insulators when measmed (particularly at low temperatures). This effect is due to electron-electron interactions which are not considered in conventional band theory. Mott insulators are of growing interest in advanced physics research, and are not yet fully imderstood. They have applications in thin-film magnetic hetero structures and high-temperature superconductivity, for example. 

Nano-confinement of metal and semi-conductor materials can lead to marked changes in their electronic behaviour. Their unique properties resulted in an increased interest in using these nanoparticles (NPs) in materials science. Furthermore, with the discovery of the symbiotic nature of metal/semi-conductor heterostructures, the use of NPs in applications such as photocatalysis and opto-electric devices, like photovoltaic cells, has increased. The exceptional properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as well as their unique structure, have led to increased investigation into their behavior in such hetero-structured complexes. Large surface-to-volume ratios, chemical inertness, and lack of porosity make CNTs prime candidates as catalyst supports. In more complex systems, the electrical properties of the CNTs increase the yield of catalyzed reactions due to the electronic interactions of certain NPs and CNTs. Based on the fact that charge transfer between quantum dots and CNTs has been reported, certain semi-conducting NPs have been covalently linked to CNTs to make hetero-junction electronic devices. ... 

A number of novel nanostructured semiconductor hetero-structures have been explored extensively for device applications for several years.Increasing computational capabilities to model lET processes in nanostructured materials in many ways provide similar opportunities as for the dye-sensitized solar cell applications discussed as a prototype example above. Moreover, recent progress in the growth of complex nanostructures based on new materials, such as III-V semiconductors like GaN opens up significant new opportunities for nanoscale energy conversion applications. This provides a good example of an emerging research area that is likely to offer an active field for computational materials research over the next fewyears. ... 

Pictorial representations of different configurations in a type-II system -The valance bands of each semiconductor comprising the type-II hetero-structure are represented by three p-orbitals, and the conduction band by an 5-orbital. Blue lines represent the conduction and valence band of the semiconductor with the smaller band-gap, while red lines represent those from the larger band gap material. 

The presence in these copolymers of hetero-substituted monomeric units randomly dispersed along the phosphazene skeleton brings about the extreme difficulty of the polymeric chains to be packed in regular structures. They lose, therefore, the original stereo-regularity of the parent phosphazene homopolymers (microcrystalline materials), and show only amorphous structures, with sharp decrease in the values of the Tg (collapsed up to about -90 °C) and with the onset of remarkable elastomeric properties [399,409,457]. 

There are many published examples in which the coupling of two different materials leads to an increase in the photocatalytic activity. Many of them concern coupling and junctions between different nanopartides, considering also different topologies, like coupled and capped systems [72]. Tentative explanations based on possible heterojunction band profiles are given. However, in-depth analysis of the hetero junction band alignment, the physical structure of the junction, the role of (possible) interfadal traps and of spedfic catalytic properties of the material is still lacking. Some recently published models and concepts based on (nano)junction between different materials are briefly reviewed here. 

Cubic BC2N. Hetero-diamond B C—N compounds have recently received a great interest because of their possible applications as mechanical and optical devices. The similar properties and structures of carbon and boron nitrides (graphite and hexagonal BN, diamond, and cubic BN) suggested the possible synthesis of dense compounds with all the three elements. Such new materials are expected to combine the best properties of diamond (hardness) and of c-BN (thermal stability and chemical inertness). Several low-density hexagonal phases of B,C, and N have been synthesized [534] while with respect to the high-density phases, different authors report contradictory data [535-538], but the final products are probably solid mixtures of c-BN and dispersed diamonds [539]. 

The above description of the process is tentative because it is based on limited data. If it is correct, the predominate structures in the PHBA-modified products have amorphous PA/AA/NPG center sections end-capped with single units or short blocks of oligomeric PHBA. Random distribution of the PHBA cannot be ruled out, but the hetero-geneiety of the products suggests that a substantial fraction of PHBA is incorporated into short blocks. The FT-IR and GPC data are consistent with the proposal that short, phenolic-tipped oligomers are the predominant structure present. The possibility that the materials are physical mixtures of oligo-PHBA and amorphous diols can be virtually ruled out on the basis of the extreme insolubility of oligo-PHBA (IJ) and of the model PHBA-benzoic acid adduct synthesized in this study. These materials separate readily from solutions and dispersions of PHBA copolymers. 

The structural and electrochemical characteristics of cadmium electrodes with nickel introduced in metallic state into the active material of the electrode by electroless plating were studied [213]. The specific role played by hetero phase interactions between nickel and cadmium in the mechanism of the Cd electrode activation was substantiated experimentally. 

Agarose Hetero- 3)D-Gal(j81—>4)3,6-anhydro-L-Gal(al 1,000 Structural in algae, cell wall material... 

Abstract Phthalocyanines represent a versatile class of functional dyes which have found applications in various disciplines ranging from materials science, catalysis, nanotechnology to medicine. The intrinsic properties of the macrocycles as well as their molecular arrangements, both in solution and in the condensed phase, can be altered through rational chemical modification. Conjugation of other functional units to phthalocyanines can also complement the characteristics of the macrocycles. All these approaches can improve the performance of these macro-cyclic compounds as advanced functional materials. The purpose of this article is to provide an up-to-date review of the current research status of phthalocyanine-containing supramolecular systems. The formation, structures, and properties of self-assembled phthalocyanines as well as the non-covalent hetero-arrays containing phthalocyanines and other functional units are reviewed herein. 

---