Capping system

Blanca M, Mayorga C, Torres MJ, Reche M, Moya MC, Rodriguez JL, Romano A, Juarez C Clinical evaluation of Pharmacia CAP System RAST FEIA amoxicilloyl and benzylpenicilloyl in patients with penicillin allergy. Allergy 2001 56 862-870. 

As the plastic liners are removed from the probe, they are capped on both ends, the appropriate labels affixed, and promptly placed in a freezer (an in-field sectioning technique used for further partitioning of the 0-15-cm core is described later in this section). By convention, red plastic caps are placed on top of the core (i.e., the end that was closest to the soil surface) and black caps are placed on the bottom. Use of the two-color capping system is important when the cores are sectioned at a later time. This approach is referred to as zero-contamination sampling and is the industry standard in field soil dissipation. 

In gas-collector systems, either a granular soil layer or a needle-punched nonwoven geotextile is placed directly beneath the LML or clay of a composite cap system. Gas compatibility and air transmissivity are the design factors that must be considered. Methane, the most predominant gas, should be compatible with most types of geotextiles including PET, PP, and PE. 

This section describes the elements in a closure or cap system of a completed landfill, including flexible membrane caps (FMCs), SWCR systems, gas control layers, biotic barriers, and vegetative top covers. It also discusses infiltration, erosion control, and long-term aesthetic concerns associated with securing a completed landfill. 

There are many published examples in which the coupling of two different materials leads to an increase in the photocatalytic activity. Many of them concern coupling and junctions between different nanopartides, considering also different topologies, like coupled and capped systems [72]. Tentative explanations based on possible heterojunction band profiles are given. However, in-depth analysis of the hetero junction band alignment, the physical structure of the junction, the role of (possible) interfadal traps and of spedfic catalytic properties of the material is still lacking. Some recently published models and concepts based on (nano)junction between different materials are briefly reviewed here. 

Such a pinhole density test was performed on the AZ/PMMA two-layer deep-UV PCM system (26). The result is shown in Table IX where a pinhole density of 8 and 6 per cm was obtained for the capped (A) and uncapped (B) systems. Because only three wafers were used for each test, the result should be taken only qualitatively and the numerical difference between 6 and 8 pinholes/cm should be taken as being indicative of measurement fluctuations only. It should not be attributed to the use of different developers or O2 plasma because in the subsequent tests of batches C and D in which the DUV exposure was omitted, the numbers were 0 and 1 pinhole/cm with the capped system giving the smaller pinhole density. The low pinhole density in batch E in which the AZ development step was omitted suggests that the pinholes arise during the development of the AZ layer. Presumably, a small portion of the AZ base resin molecules were not linked up with the photoactive compound and therefore still exhibited their intrinsic high solubility in the AZ developer. After development, these high solubility spots became pinholes. These pinholes are apparently larger than the diffraction - limited sizes so that they can be transferred into the PMMA film by deep-UV exposure. 

Mazur G, Pethran A. 1993. Detection of specific IgE in isocyanate and phthalic anhydride exposed workers comparison of RAST RIA, Immrmo CAP System FEIA, and Magic Lite SQ. Allergy 48(8) 627-630. 

It appears that the nadimide end-cap is the main contribution to the thermal degradation of crosslinked PMR. This is confirmed by a comparison between two similar fluorinated PMRs with two different end-capping groups nadimide or styrene. The styrene end-capped system exhibits the best thermo-oxidative stability. 

Sensitivity of immunoassays is largely conditioned by markers applied for conjugation with the antibody. Traditional immunodetection methods ELISA with radioactive markers (radioimmunoassay—RIA), enzymatic markers (enzyme immunoassays—El A), or fluorescent markers (fluoroenzyme immunoassays FEIA) are currently the most widely used techniques in laboratory analysis of allergens as well as in clinical studies for determination of general and specific IgE and other subclasses of immunoglobulines, e.g., IgG4 in the Immuno-CAP system (Samson, 2001 Duran-Tauleria et al., 2004 Lidholm et al., 2006). 

The ELISA method (in its various modifications), employing radionuclide markers (radioimmunoassay RIA), enzymatic markers (enzyme immunoassay EIA) (Dill et al., 2006), or fluorescent dyes (fluorophores or fluorochromes) (Hildebrand et al., 2005) (FEIA—fluoroenzyme immunoassay, Immuno-CAP-system) or nanoparticles (Dequaire et al., 2000) are commonly used as materials for protein labeling in an immunoassay. 

Bousquet, J., P. Chanez, I. Chanal, and F. B. Michel. 1990. Comparison between RAST and Pharmacia CAP system A new automated specific IgE assay. J Allergy Clin Immunol 85 (6) 1039-1043. 

Kleine-Tebbe, J., M. Eickholt, M. Gatjen, T. Brunnee, A. O Connor, and G. Kunkel. 1992. Comparison between MAGIC LITE- and CAP-system Two automated specific IgE antibody assays. Clin Exp Allergy 22 (4) 475 184. 

Moverare, R., L. Elfman, E. Vesterinen, T. Metso, andT. Haahtela. 2002. Development of new IgE specificities to allergenic components in birch pollen extract during specific immunotherapy studied with immunoblotting and Pharmacia CAP System. Allergy 57 (5) 423-430. 

Not all was lost. The process provided valuable instruction relative to ignition devices, bridge wires, drop wires, insulation, and crimping. In an attempt to hold all variables to an absolute maximum, wc did not try to make more than one component at a time, and no experiments were done with match-lit fuze and cap systems. Safety fuze is extremely difficult to make at home, and a successful electric cap could always be changed over to safety fuze if necessary, we reasoned. In the course of the discovery process, we were able to expose a great many fables and old wives tales regarding detonating explosives. 

All patients and control subjects were first routinely tested as follows SPT was performed with a standard panel of aeroallergens (including 5 molds) and blood samples were taken for total and specific IgE determination. RAST for IgE antibodies to A. altemata (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) was performed by using the allergen-specific CAP system with results converted into RAST classes from 0 to 4 according to the manufacturer s instructions. No antihistamine medication was used by any subject. Six of the 7 patients (but no control subjects) were RAST positive with a RAST class greater than 2. One patient was negative, but this person still showed a positive skin reaction to mf A. altemata enolase (see below). 

Crameri R, Lidholm J, Gronlund H, Stuber D, Blaser K, Menz G Automated specific IgE assay with recombinant allergens evaluation of the recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus allergen I in the Pharmacia CAP system. Clin Exp Allergy 1996 26 1411-1419. 

With the screw cap systems, Kramer [16] distinguishes between the designs offered by the mantifacturers ickfit, Witeg and Sovirel. 

More important, if a system with an absolute cap such as the EU ETS was linked to a system with a price cap or cost-containment auction, this would effectively act as a price cap or cost-containment auction for the combined system. In the case of a price cap, as long as the market price in the EU is higher than the price cap level, companies in the price cap system would have an incentive to sell their allowances to EU companies until prices were equalized at the price cap level. The environmental effectiveness of the combined scheme would thus suffer, since total emissions would be higher than if the two schemes were kept separate. 

H. Hald, H. Weihs, B. Benitsch, I. Fischer, T. Reimer, P. Winkelmann and A. Giilhan, Development of a Nose Cap System for X-38, in Proceedings of International Symposium Atmospheric Reentry Vehicles and Systems, Arcachon, France (1999). 

In the following years, Tanaka and Yamashita [85] reported the two additional polymers 68a and 68b as well. While the substituted 68b suffers from the same steric problems as 66b above, CVs of polymer 68a were reported to exhibit overlapping onsets of p- and n-doping to give an electrochemical of 0 eV. If this is correct, this is significantly reduced in comparison with the analogous thiophene-capped system 58 ( g = 0.3-0.5 eV) and illustrates the potential strength of this synthetic approach to reduce Eg. Theoretical studies have predicted an of 0.33 eV for 68a, which is less than the predicted value for 58... 

Usually the best way to determine efficiencies is to measure them on commercial-scale equipment. In the absence of such data a rough prediction of the overall efficiency Eg can be obtained from O ConnelTs correlation shown in Figure 12-8 tO Connell. 19461. Although originally done for bubble-cap systems, the results can be used for a first estimate for sieve and valve trays. The data in Figure 12-6 are fit by IKessler and Wankat. 19881... 

---