Herbaceous residues

The fouling of heat exchanger surfaces can be a major problem with solid biomass fuels, especially straws and herbaceous residues. Fouling occurs because of formation in the conversion zone of low-fusion point alkali metal salt... 

A source of fly ash particulates is the mineral matter in the biomass feedstock. As material is gasified, the inorganic matter from the feedstock may be either retained in the gasifier bed or entrained in the product gas and swept out from the reactor. The mineral concentrations in clean wood are typically 1 to 2%, and herbaceous crops may contain up to 10% or more. Crop residues such as straw or rice hulls typically contain 15 to 20% inorganic material. Mineral matter... 

Gasification coupled with water-gas shift is the most widely practiced process route for biomass to hydrogen. Thermal, steam, and partial oxidation gasification technologies are under development. Feedstocks include both dedicated crops and agricultural and forest product residues of hardwood, softwood, and herbaceous species. 

Vanlauwe B, Idrissa B, Diels J, Sanginga N, Merckx R (2008) Plant age and rock phosphate effects on the organic resource quality of herbaceous legume residues and their N and P release dynamics. Agron Sustain Dev 28 429-437... 

Fig. 1.15 Key global biomass resources from agricultural residues, wood, and herbaceous energy crops. (A. J. Ragauskas et al., Science, 311,484 (2006). Reprinted with permission from AAAS [7]).

Regression residual analysis and examination of families with the greatest percentage of genera collected clearly demonstrates that woody plant families have generally been sampled more thoroughly than herbaceous groups. However, examination of families that were poorly sampled reveals a number of patterns 103 families had not been sampled at... 

Kaufmann, H. (1997) Chlorine compounds in emissions and residues from the combustion of herbaceous biomass. PhD thesis ETH No 12429. 

Picloram is used for the control of woody and broadleaf herbaceous plants. It is relatively resistant to breakdown in the environment and has been found to be mobile In the soil (1). Picloram residues... 

The effectiveness of dilute acid hydrolysis as a pretreatment has been verified experimentally. Researchers at NREL have characterized the susceptibility of a variety of short rotation woody and herbaceous crops and agricultural residues upon dilute acid pretreatment [17,38-41]. What is more interesting is that the maximum digestibility usually coincides with complete hemicellulose removal. The dilute acid treatment of biomass aimed at hemicellulose hydrolysis has since become a widely accepted pretreatment method for enzymatic hydrolysis [16,42-44]. 

Another potential feedstock for ethanol production is the lignocellulosic biomass . Lignocellulosic biomass is the most plentiful of all naturally occurring organic compounds. It includes such materials as wood, herbaceous crops, agricultural and forestry residues, waste paper and paper products, pulp and paper mill waste, and municipal sohd waste. Unlike starchy materials, lignocellulosic biomass is structurally complex. The conversion of this material into ethanol has been the subject of intense study over the last 20 years. 

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