Kaolin heavy

Heavy Kaolin When 2 g is titurated with 2 ml of water the mixture does not flow. 

Examples Magnesium Trisilicate, Bentonite, Barium Sulphate, Light and Heavy Kaolin. 

Heavy Kaolin Triturate 2 g in a mortar with a 10 ml DW and add 0.5 g sodium salicylate. Mixture does not acquire more than a slight reddish tint. 

Note that the PhEur 2005 contains a monograph on heavy kaolin (kaolinum ponderosum). The BP 2004 in addition to the monograph for heavy kaolin also contains monographs for light kaolin (natural) and light kaolin. 

The USP 28 describes kaolin as a native hydrated aluminum silicate, powdered and freed from gritty particles by elutriation. The BP 2004 similarly describes light kaolin but additionally states that it contains a suitable dispersing agent. Light kaolin (natural) BP contains no dispersing agent. Heavy kaolin is described in the BP 2004 and PhEur 2005 as a purified, natural hydrated aluminum silicate of variable composition. The JP 2001 describes kaolin as a native hydrous aluminum silicate. 

For the determination of the larger amounts (of the order of 0-4 per cent of ethylene glycol) sometimes present in Heavy Kaolin the following titration method may be used. 

Diethoxypropane passed at 340-350° through a vertical Pyrex tube packed with a catalyst prepared from heavy kaolin, Gooch asbestos, water glass, and water-methyl propenyl ether. Y 67.7% based on startg. m. consumed.— Alumina (cf. Synth. Meth. 11, 926) was unsuitable. M. F. Ansell and B. Gadsby, Soc. 1958, 3388. 

There are a number or types of special brick obtainable from individual producers. High-burned kaolin refractories are particularly valuable under conditions of severe temperature and heavy load or severe spalling conditions, as in the case of high-temperature oil-fired boiler settings or piers under enamehng furnaces. Another brick for the same uses is a high-fired brick of Missouri aluminous clay. 

The importance of diffusion enhancement to heavy oil cracking is further illustrated by the alumina-montmorillonite complexes which crack heavier feeds, i.e. Wilmington fraction No. 6, more effectively than REY. When used as matrices for REY, the alumina-montmorillonites results in considerably more active catalysts, at the same zeolite content, compared with a catalyst having a kaolin-binder matrix, while the selectivity properties differs very little between the two types of catalysts (Sterte, 3. Otterstedt, 3-E. Submitted to Appl.Catal.). 

Attrition resistant catalysts are required, but preferably should possess a pore volume in the O.A to 0.5 cc/gm range. This increased pore volume apparently helps in facilitating accessibility to the catalyst interior by heavy viscous liquids, and dual pore structures containing pores over 100 Angstroms in diameter also appear to facilitate accessibility to the zeolite while keeping feeder pores open. A porous system, yet attrition resistant and inexpensive, was achieved by incorporation of platelet kaolin clay. 

They may contain as impurities, small quantities of alkali, sulphates and chlorides and are often adulterated with kaolin, heavy spar, gypsum, chalk, white lead, zinc white, magnesia, starch, etc. 

Figure 7.23 concerns an alumina and kaolin mixture. The kaolin is used here as a diluting agent for an alumina where the aim is to test the specific catalytic performance in cracking of heavy fractions. These fractions contain molecules that are too voluminous to be converted directly inside the pores of the HY zeolite (pore diameter approximately 8 A) and it is thus necessary for them to be pre-cracked on an alumina where the pore diameter (above 50 A)... 

Kaolin is sometimes used as a diluting agent where the aim is to test the specific catalytic performance of alumina if the activity of the latter is too high (case of heavy fraction cracking). 

Benzoic acid IM, IV, irrigation, oral, rectal, topical, vaginal Alkalis, heavy metals, kaolin... 

Undergoes typical reactions of an organic acid, e.g. with alkalis or heavy metals. Preservative activity may be reduced by interaction with kaolin. ... 

Incompatible with quaternary compounds, gelatin, ferric salts, calcium salts, and salts of heavy metals, including silver, lead, and mercury. Preservative activity may be reduced by interactions with kaolin or nonionic surfactants. 

Runs were made with North Carolina and Florida kaolin. Heavy firm deposits were secured with 0.2 NaOH and voltages ranging from 80 to 160. All matter in suspension was carried to the electrode. The densest layer is obtained with the highest voltage. 

Hydrothermal stability is a critically important property of the constituents of FCC catalysts accordingly prototype and reference materials were subjected to a hydrothermal deactivation treatment at a temperature of 788°C, 4 and 8 hours and 100% steam. Results are summarized in Table 3. Synthetic silico-aluminate (MX-0994) and alumina/kaolin (MM-0894) base matrices, which are used in the preparation of commercialFCC catalysts designed to crack heavy feedstocks, were used as references. 

A number of FCC catalysts was used in the present study. For comparison of the effects of quinoline and phenanthrene additions to the n-hexadecane feedstock a model catalyst of composition, zeolite US-Y (30%), silica binder (25%), Kaolin (25%) and ps do Boehmite matrix (20%) was used. Quinoline and phenanthrene additions to the n-hexadecane amounted to 1% and 10%. The catalysts used to assess the effect of composition on product yields varied from a basic matrix material through a variety of zeolitic catalysts containing 20% zeolite and 15% silica binder, the remainder being clay, to a pure zeolite catalyst. Data for all the catalysts used are presented in Table 1. In addition for the C NMR analysis a sample of coked refinery catalyst obtained from a unit processing heavy feedstock was obtained. The coke level on this catalyst was 0.9% and 30g. of this catalyst was demineralised by standard HF treatment to produce a 250 mg sample of coke concentrate containing 65% carbon. 

A. Z. Al-Hamdan and K. R. Reddy, Geochemical Reconnaissance of Heavy Metals in Kaolin after Electrokinetic Remediation, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances Environmental Engineering, 41(1), 17-33 (2006). 

The radioactive chromium (51Cr) found in Columbia River sediments contaminated with effluent from a nuclear reactor facility was not released by the major cations of sea water or by 0.05 M CuS0424 . The results of previous work in this laboratory (New England Aquarium) showed that of the silver(I) and cadmium(II) adsorbed on the clay minerals kaolin and montmorillonite, in essentially deionized water, less than half was desorbed on mixing with sea water25 . One may postulate from results such as these that most of the heavy metals occluded within a complex organic... 

Mills, Ashwill, and Gresham (39) compared pelleted Houdry kaolin and sieve catalysts for cracking heavy sweet gas oil. Table I shows their results obtained at constant conversion of 70 vol %. Results correspond to those for fluid catalyst 9.4 vol % additional gasoline results, and propylene yield is reduced from 3.7 to 2.6 wt %. 

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