Heating research needs

The modeling of fluidized beds remains a difficult problem since the usual assumptions made for the heat and mass transfer processes in coal combustion in stagnant air are no longer vaUd. Furthermore, the prediction of bubble behavior, generation, growth, coalescence, stabiUty, and interaction with heat exchange tubes, as well as attrition and elutriation of particles, are not well understood and much more research needs to be done. Good reviews on various aspects of fluidized-bed combustion appear in References 121 and 122 (Table 2). 

Researchers have used a specially designed calorimeter, called a human calorimeter, to monitor the heat that is produced by metabolic reactions in humans. Research the human calorimeters that are used to study metabolic reactions. What are the design features of these calorimeters What factors do researchers need to take into account Why are the experiments with human calorimeters important Design an investigation that incorporates the results of your research. 

The use of a nuclear power plant to produce hydrogen or for other process heat applications will present challenges to the licensing process. Potential safety and regulatory issues have been evaluated to identify possible research needs, policy concerns and licensing approaches. A brief description of nuclear power plant licensing in the United States and a discussion of specific issues for using nuclear power plantsfor process heat applications are presented. 

Temperatures up to 1500 °C reduce the reversible thermodynamic potential for water decomposition from a room temperature value of 1.23 V to 0.7 V (43%). The cost of electrolytic hydrogen varies linearly with the potential of the cell at the current density being used, since cost of the electricity is the dominating item in the cost of electrolytic hydrogen, high-temperature steam electrolysis would greatly improve the economics. Heat is needed to maintain the temperature of the system, but heat costs only a third of the cost of electricity. So far, very high temperature cells are research items, but 1000 °C cells have been developed in Europe under the nickname Hot Elly. ... 

The effect of microwave irradiation on chemical reactions is usually described by comparing time needed to obtain a desired yield of final products compared with conventional thermal heating. Research in the area of chemical synthesis has shown potential advantages in the ability not only to drive chemical reactions but to perform them more quickly. In polymer synthesis other factors can be considered, for example molecular weight, polydispersity index, crystallinity, mechanical properties (i.e. strength, elongation, modulus, toughness), and thermal properties... 

Reliable estimation of the temperatures of the onset of exothermic processes in mixtures is a priority task. To solve this problem, research needs to be conducted under the most stringent conditions with slight heat exchange between reaction vessels and the environment, and with preirradiated and heat-treated mixtures containing nitrates of metals. It is especially important here to evaluate the heat release in the first stage of... 

Matthys, E. F., Heat transfer, drag reduction, and fluid characterization for turbulent flow of polymer solutions Recent results and research needs, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 55 313 (1991). 

Eurther research on convective transport under low Reynolds number, quasicontinuum conditions is needed before the optimal design of such a micro heat exchanger is possible. The cooling heat exchanger is usually thermally linked to a relatively massive substrate. The effects of this linkage need to be explored and accurate methods of predicting the heat-transfer and pressure-drop performance need to be developed. 

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