Hazelnut

The main flavor component of the hazelnut is 2E 5S) 5 methyl 2 hepten 4 one Wnte a structural formula or build a molecular model showing its stereochemistry... 

Xyhtol is synthesized by reduction of D-xylose catalyticahy (40), electrolyticahy (41), and by sodium amalgam (42). D-Xylose is obtained by hydrolysis of xylan and other hemiceUulosic substances obtained from such sources as wood, com cobs (43), almond shells, hazelnuts, or oHve waste (44). Isolation of xylose is not necessary xyhtol results from hydrogenation of the solution obtained by acid hydrolysis of cottonseed hulls (45). 

Hasel,/. hazel dace, -nuss,/. hazelnut, haselnussbraun, a. hazel(nut) brown, hazel. Haselwurz, /. asarum, asarabacca. 

Walnuts, almonds, pecan nuts, sweet chestnuts, coconuts, hazelnuts... 

Citrus, cotton, melon, watermelon, banana, tomato, eggplant, onion, cabbage, carrot, chicory, leek, maize, hazelnut, potato, rice (straw, grain), air, sweet corn, soybean, French bean, sugar beet, flowers and ornamentals, sunflower, tobacco, soil and water... 

The application of 13C NMR for the rapid analysis of the oil composition of oil seeds is well known [16], 13C NMR has recently been applied to the quantitative analysis of the most abundant fatty acids in olive oil [17]. The values obtained by this method differed by only up to 5% compared with GLC analysis. The quantitative analysis was applied to the olefmic region of the high resolution 13C NMR spectrum of virgin olive oil to detect adulteration by other oils which differed significantly in their fatty acid composition. The application of the methodology for the detection of adulteration of olive oil by hazelnut oil is more challenging as both oils have similar chemical profiles and further experiments are in progress. 

Use of cosolvent. Various cosolvents, such as acetone, ethanol, methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, and water, have been used for the removal of carotenoids using SC-CO2 extraction (Ollanketo and others 2001). All these cosolvents except water (only 2% of recovery) increased the carotenoid recovery. The use of vegetable oils such as hazelnut and canola oil as a cosolvent for the recovery of carotenoids from carrots and tomatoes have been reported (Sun and Temelli, 2006 Shi, 2001 Vasapollo and others 2004). For the extraction without cosolvent addition, the lycopene yield was below 10% for 2- to 5-hr extraction time, whereas in the presence of hazelnut oil, the lycopene yield increased to about 20% and 30% in 5 and 8 hr, respectively. The advantages of using vegetable oils as cosolvents are the higher extraction yield the elimination of organic solvent addition, which needs to be removed later and the enrichment of the oil with carotenoids that can be potentially used in a variety of product applications. 

Bernardo-Gil MG, Grenha J, Santos J and Cardoso P. 2002. Supercritical fluid extraction and characterization of oil from hazelnut. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 104(7) 402-409. 

Uquiche E, Jerez M and Ortiz J. 2008. Effect of pretreatment with microwaves on mechanical extraction yield and quality of vegetable oil from Chilean hazelnuts (Gevuina avellana Mol). Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 9(4) 495-500. 

Commercial products usually do not pose health threats to their consumers. However, botulism cases acquired after consumption of commercially prepared canned foods have been reported. In the U.S., 62 outbreaks occurred in the years 1899 to 1973 (Lynt et al., 1975). Only 7% of outbreaks reported between 1950 and 1996 were linked to commercially processed foods (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998). The implicated foodstuffs included chopped garlic in soy oil stored in glass bottles at room temperature (Louis et al., 1988), sliced roasted eggplant in oil, yogurt with hazelnuts, stuffed lotus rhizome, bottled caviar, and canned peanuts (Chou et al., 1988 D Argenio et al., 1995). 

Midilli, A., Olgun, H., Ayhan, T. 2000. Solar hydrogen production from hazelnut shells. Int J Hydrogen Energy 25 723-732. 

Five biomass samples (hazelnut shell, cotton cocoon shell, tea factory waste, olive husk and sprace wood) were pyrolyzed in a laboratory-scale apparatus designed for the purpose of pyrolysis (Demirbas, 2001, 2002a). Figure 6.4 shows the simple experimental setup of pyrolysis. The main element of the experimental device is a vertical cylindrical reactor of stainless steel, 127.0 nun in height, 17.0 nun iimer diameter and 25.0 mm outer diameter inserted vertically into an electrically heated tubular furnace and provided with an electrical heating system power source, with a heating rate of about 5 K/s. The biomass samples ground... 

The stractural and elemental analyses (contents of C, H and O) of biomass samples are given in Table 6.2. Table 6.3 shows the yields of products from three biomass samples by pyrolysis at different temperatures. As seen in Table 6.3, the pyrolysis process yields gaseous products, tarty hquid, and tar. In general, the yields of gaseous products from each run increase with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The yields of gaseous products from the pyrolysis increase from 34.4 to 43.9% for hazelnut shell, from 35.1 to 47.4% for tea waste and from 32.1 to 40.7% for spruce wood with increasing of temperature from 700 to 950 K. 

Figures 6.5 to 6.7 show the effect of temperature on yields of + paraffins obtained from biomass samples by pyrolysis. As can be seen in Figs. 6.5 to 6.7, the percentage of + paraffins in gaseous products obtained from the samples of hazelnut shell, tea waste and spmce wood increased, while the final pyrolysis temperature was increased from 700 to 950 K.

Fig. 6.5 Pyrolysis yields of H, + paraffins from hazelnut shells at different temperatures...

The percentage of hydrogen in gaseous products from the samples of hazelnut shell, tea waste and spruce wood increased from 43.3 to 56.9%, 41.0 to 53.9% and 40.0 to 51.5% by volume, respectively, while the final air-steam gasification temperature was increased from 900 to 1250 K (Figs. 6.14 to 6.16). 

Fig. 6.14 Hydrogen yield of hazelnut shell by air-steam gasification at different temperatures...

Agricirltrrral shell samples (walnut, almond, hazelnut cotton cocoon, and sunflower shells) were subjected to supercritical water extraction for producing hydrogen-rich gas mixtrrres (Demirbas, 2004). Table 6.10 shows stractrrral analysis results of the shell samples. In a typical nm of this study, the autoclave was loaded with a 5.0 g... 

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