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Hawthorne Effect study

The Hawthorne effect usually refers to an effect of the involvement of researchers or other outsiders upon the measured outcome. This term arose from a famous study of factory workers at Western Electric s Hawthorne Works in the 1920s. A subset of workers was moved to a different section of the factory, their working conditions manipulated and the effect of this on their productivity observed. It turned out that workers were more productive under any of the work conditions tried—even an uncomfortable one like low lighting conditions. It is believed that the effect of the new psychosocial working conditions (i.e., increased involvement of workers) in the experimental simation actually overshadowed any effect of the changes in the physical environment. [Pg.466]

The Hawthorne effect usually refers to an effect of the involvement of researchers or other outsiders upon the measured outcome. This term arose from a famous study of factory... [Pg.560]

Research evidence. The power of feedback is evident in the famous Hawthorne studies. Ask any safety manager, industrial consultant, or applied psychologist whether they have heard of the "Hawthorne Effect," and they probably will say, "yes." They might not be able to describe any details of the studies that occurred between 1927 and 1932 at the Western Electric plant in the Hawthorne community near Chicago that led to the classic Hawthorne Effect. Most, however, will be able to paraphrase the infamous finding from these studies that the hourly output rates of the employees studied increased whenever an obvious environmental change occurred in the work sethng. [Pg.253]

Have you ever heard of a study from which a basic management theory called the Hawthorne Effect was named In this section, I summarize this study and the conclusions that were drawn from it. Even though this study took place almost 80 years ago, the conclusions remain valid today. This study gets into team members basic needs. This theory still works because humans basic needs have not really changed much in the last 80 years. [Pg.15]

The Hawthorne Effect gets its name from a series of experimental field studies conducted between 1924 and 1932 at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company. The main product that the Hawthorne Works produced was the telephone. At this point in time, the telephone was a heavy piece of complicated wiring, relays, coils, and materials that were assembled and packaged in a labor-intensive manner. [Pg.15]

Hawthorne et al. [53] studied the effect of temperature and pressure on supercritical fluid extraction efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyls in river sediments. At a temperature of 50°C, raising the pressure from 350 to 650atm, had a beneficial effect on recovery of polychlorinated biphenyls from sediments. Recovery was improved however as the extraction temperature was increased from 50-200°C. [Pg.177]

A review of experimental work prompted the suggestion of the importance of dipolar interactions (Hammond and Hawthorne, 1956). de la Mare and Kidd (1959), observing a parallelism in the parajmeta and ortho/meta ratios, predicted the ortho effect to be primarily electronic in origin. Norman and Radda (1961) explored the general significance of this idea. They studied the orthojpara ratios for the substitution of a series of monosubstituted benzenes by two reagents with the same electrophilic properties but different steric requirements. The reactions, nitration by N02+ and chlorination by CI+, fulfill the requirements. The results are summarized in Table 3. [Pg.57]

Fahing et al. [176] studied the effect of the addition of modifiers such as methanol and water on the SCFE of organic solutes from soils and clays. Hawthorne et al. [177] compared the application of sub- and supercritical water in the extraction of organics from soil, and found that both were effective extractants. [Pg.13]

Almost similar results were obtained experimentally by Votruba et al. [19], who studied evaporation of water and hydrocarbons from porous monoliths. These results predict Nu and Sh values clearly lower than does Eq. (13), and moreover suggest that Nu or Sh values would fall under their theoretically predicted lower limit at a low Reynolds number [16,20]. It is not unlikely that the discrepancy is due to a maldistribution of flow over the different monolith channels, as a result of the low pressure drop, similar to the effect signalized for fixed beds at low Reynolds numbers [7]. Experimental work [4], which was carried out with an inert fixed bed in front of the monolith reactor to assure an even distribution, gave data that come quite near to the results of Hawthorne, Eq. (13) [2]. [Pg.212]

Drug interactions with hawthorn are theoretically possible with cardioactive medications, but have not been documented (2). In addition, the flavonoid constituents have been shown to have inhibitory and inducible effects on the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, making other drug interactions possible (20). However, an in vivo study of a potential pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin and hawthorn demonstrated that concurrent administration had no effect on digoxin pharmacokinetics, suggesting that the two could be safely administered together from a pharmacokinetic point of view (21). However, one must be mindful of additive effects and a potential pharmacodynamic interaction. [Pg.208]

Walker AF, Marakis G, Morris AP, Robinson PA. Promising hypotensive effect of hawthorn extract a randomized double-blind pilot study of mild, essential hypertension. Phytother Res 2002 15 48-54. [Pg.209]

This study suggests that, at the most, hawthorn might cause a minor decrease in digoxin levels, and no adjustment of the digoxin dose is therefore likely to be needed on concurrent use. Although no pharmacodynamic effects were seen, the possibility that hawthorn s cardioactive constituents might increase the effect of digoxin on cardiac contractility cannot be ruled out. ... [Pg.927]

Initially when jobs are designed and employees are new, or right after jobs are redesigned, there may be a short-term period of positive attitudes (often called a honeymoon effect ). As the legendary Hawthorne studies indicated, often changes in jobs or increased attention given to workers tends to create novel stimulation and positive attitudes (Mayo 1933). Such transitory elevations in affect should not be mistaken for long-term improvements in satisfaction, as they may wear off over... [Pg.892]

An animal study indicated no adverse effects of an ethanol extract of hawthorn leaf administered at a dose of 2.8 g/kg, noted as 56 times the human dose, daily on days 1-8 or 8-15 of gestation (Yao et al 2008). No adverse effects of hawthorn leaf and flower on pregnancy or fetal development have been observed in a limited number of additional animal studies (ESCOP 2003 Manolov and Daleva 1969). [Pg.277]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.253 ]




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