Harvesting and Processing

The dry or natural process used in Brazil involves rapid transport of the harvested berries to a central processing plant, where the whole fruit is spread out on sun-drying terraces and dried until the beans separate by shrinking from the surrounding parchment layer. 

The wet (washing) process is more sophisticated than the dry process, and by general consent leads to better quality coffee. The method is generally used for Arabica coffee (except in Brazil) in Central America, Colombia and Africa. The freshly harvested berries are brought to a pulper in which the soft fruit is squeezed between a rotating cylinder or disc and a slotted plate, the gap of which 

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Lee, Y.N. and Wiley, R.C., Betalaine yield from a continuous solid-liquid extraction system as influenced by raw product, post-harvest and processing variables, J. Food ScL, 46, 421, 1981. 

Starch and cellulose are potentially important renewable resources for chemical production. Glucose (a component of starch) is relatively easy to obtain from plant material and is used to synthesize existing chemicals. While this is so, the production of such renewable materials, a full fife-cycle assessment of the requirements for their production suggest that much fossil-soiuced energy and material would stiU be employed in the growing, harvesting and processing of biomass. 

The biofuel yield of different crops is differs, but a more correct analysis also requires consideration of the (fossil) energy inputs needed to seed, harvest, and process the crops, etc. Clearly, the results depend significantly on regional and technology details, but an overall comparison of net energy yield factors is given in Fig. 1. 

As stability and prosperity in traditional fisheries provide the basis for private sector investment in new, underutilized fisheries, fisheries management and development activities will be coordinated to ensure that increased investment in harvesting and processing operations do not result in excess capacity and recurring marketing crises in traditional fisheries. Traditional fisheries are those for which the existing fishing industry has the capability... 

Many Chinese herbal species currently are unavailable commercially in North America. However, hundreds of Chinese medicinal herbs commonly used in China also can be found in natural habitats in North America. The majority have a phyletic relationship with either the same species or the same genus of Chinese herb (see Tables 3 4). Some of the principal ingredients in Chinese herbs can be extracted from related plant species in the West. Thus, it may be possible to substitute Chinese herbs with more readily available herbs in the West. Moreover, these North American plants are, or can be, cultivated, harvested, and processed under proper management that will ensure their safety, quality, and efficacy. 

Commercially available M, iuteus cultures often show distinct differences in sensitivity due to specific conditions of growth, harvesting, and processing. Appropriate substrate pretreatment for obtaining a reproducible and homogeneous suspension is also of utmost importance. 

For effective production of potato starch, potatoes should contain as much starch as possible. Therefore, in modem potato starch factories in Europe, only special species of industrial potatoes are used. These potatoes are not very tasty due to the high amount of starch and, therefore, are not consumed as food. The potatoes are harvested and processed in Europe between August and April this period is referred to as the starch campaign. 

Sugars, such as fructose and glucose from honey, have been harvested and processed by humans since the Stone Age [23], The use of sucrose as a sweetener dates back to the eighth century BC and could only be afforded by royalty and the very wealthy [24], More recently, these natural products become critical in a variety of industries focused on the production of paper, pulp, textiles, and pharmaceuticals. As often is the case, industrial applications ultimately provided the economic impetus for investigations into carbohydrate synthesis, purification, and characterization in the late nineteenth century. 

Tissue can be harvested and processed for histologic and ultrastructural changes, measurement of RNA and specific biochemical analyses. 

Sometimes chemists analyze a compound that is found in nature to learn how to produce it more cheaply in a laboratory. For example, consider the flavour used in vanilla ice cream, which may come from natural or artificial vanilla extract. Natural vanilla extract is made from vanilla seed pods, shown on the left. The seed pods must be harvested and processed before being sold as vanilla extract. The scent and flavour of synthetic vanilla come from a compound called vanillin, which can be produced chemically in bulk. Therefore its production is much cheaper. Similarly, many medicinal chemicals that are found in nature can be produced more cheaply and efficiently in a laboratory. 

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