Bacteria anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing

Tal Y, JEM Watts, HJ Svchreier (2005) Anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and related activity in Baltimore inner harbor sediment. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 1816-1821. 

Kuypers, M. et al. (2003). Anaerobic ammonia oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea. Nature, 422, 608-611... 

Tal, Y., Watts, J. E. M., and Schreier, H. J. (2005). Anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and related activity in Baltimore inner Harbor sediment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 1816—1821. Teske, A., Aim, E., Regan, J. M., Toze, S., Pattmann, B. E., and Stahl, D. A. (1994). Evolutionary relationships among ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology 176, 6623-6630. 

Schmidt, I., Slickers, A. O., Schmid, M., Cirpus, I., Strous, M., Bock, E., Kuenen, G., and Jetten, M. S. M. (2002). Aerobic and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria - competitors or natural partners FEMS Microb. Ecol. 39, 175—181. 

Tal Y, Watts JE, Schreier HJ (2005) Anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and related activity in Baltimore inner harbor sediment. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 1816-1821 Tamegai H, Fukumori Y (1994) Purification, and some molecular and enzymatic features of a novel ccb-type cytochrome c oxidase from microaerobic denitrifier, Magnetospirillum mag-netotacticum. FEBS Lett 347 22-26... 

Schmidt I et al., Aerobic and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria—competitors or natural partners FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 39, 175, 2002. 

You might believe that organic chemists don t have a sense of humor, but there are quite a few jokes in nomenclature (Figure 2.5). With the exception of fenestrane LdXm, fenestra, window), these molecules or their derivatives have all been synthesized. Fenestrane can be made but only when we have at least one 5-membered ring in the structure. Compound 2.15 is called a ladder-ane, and surprisingly, it s a natural product, found in anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and synthesized by Corey. 

Although they have not been obtained in pure culture, chemolithotrophic anaerobic bacteria (anammox) that oxidize ammonia using nitrite as electron donor and CO2 as a source of carbon have been described. In addition, they can oxidize propionate to CO2 (Giiven et al. 2005) by a pathway that has not yet been resolved. 

The ammonia-oxidizing bacteria biosynthesizes the cellular materials from carbon dioxide. For this purpose, they need NAD(P)H. Electrons to reduce NAD(P)+ seem to come from ferrocytochrome c-552 by the supply of energy, because Aleem (1966) reported that he had demonstrated that NAD(P)+ was anaerobically reduced with horse ferrocytochrome c on addition of ATP using the cell-free extracts of N. europaea, though the enzymatic system participating in the reduction of NAD(P)+ has not been known. However, every attempt by the author and his colleagues to reproduce his results has been unsuccessful to date. 

Biodegradation. The biological mineralization of fixed nitrogen is well studied ammonia is oxidized to nitrite, and nitrite to nitrate, by autotrophic bacteria, and nitrate is reduced to nitrogen by anaerobic bacteria. On the other hand, ammonia and nitrate are essential nutrients for plant and bacterial growth, so one option is to use these organisms to take up and use the contaminants. 

Apart from hydrogen evolution, the electrons of reduced ferredoxin can take alternative routes leading to biosynthesis. In anaerobic bacteria, reduced ferredoxin can be used directly for the reduction of pyridine nucleotides (Tagawa and Arnon (99) Valentine, Brill and Wolfe (107) Fredericks and Stadtman (44)) for the reduction of hydroxyla-mine to ammonia (Valentine, Mortenson, Mower, Jackson, and Wolfe (109) for COa fixation in the reductive carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to pyruvate (Bachofen, Buchanan, and Arnon (13) Raeburn and Rabino-witz (83) Andrews and Morris (3) Stern (98)) for the reduction of sulfite to sulfide (Akagi (1)) and, in the presence of ATP, it can be used for the reduction of N2 to NH3 (Mortenson (72,73) D Eustachio and Hardy (40)). The role of ferredoxin in these reactions as well as in the oxidative degradative reactions discussed above is summarized in Fig. 10. 

Attack by organisms other than SRB. Ammonia and amines are produced by microbial decomposition of organic matter under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions (ammo-nification). (Stott)5 These compounds are oxidized to nitrite by aerobic bacteria such as Nitrosomonas or Nitrobacter species. Nitrobacter is very efficient at destroying the corrosion-inhibition properties, of nitrate-based corrosion inhibitors by oxidation, unless a biocidal agent is included in the formulation. The release of ammonia at the surfaces of heat-exchanger tubes has a detrimental effect. (Stott)5... 

Biomolecules containing [3]- and [5]-ladderanes have been discovered within intracellular hpid membranes of anammox bacteria" that recycle atmospheric nitrogen. The ladderane lipids are found in the membrane surrounding a unique cytoplasmic organelle, the anammoxosome, within which the anaerobic oxidation of ammonia into molecular nitrogen occurs. The oxidation, known as the anammox process, follows the reaction (equation 24) ... 

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