Biofouling agents

The widespread use of many metals such as silver, cadmium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead, and zinc has resulted in their accumulation in the environment. Sediments are often the repositories of toxic metals (e.g.. Table 15-2). For example, copper is used as an anti-biofouling agent in marine paints and many harbor sediments contain markedly elevated levels of copper. 

As an alternative to the addition of oxidants, ultraviolet (UV) treatment may be used. UV treatment has found to be less elfective than chlorine or ozone in preventing biofouling, however unlike those methods, it does not incur additional downstream processing (Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology, National Research Council 2008 Cotmvo 2005). This eliminates the need for the use sodium bisulphite or other reducing agents and the potential for FRC or ozone to be present in the final concentrate. 

Oxidizing agents TBA assessment of the acute toxicity of ozone, an alternative to chlorination to control biofouling in cooling water systems of power plants, to fish larvae of three species and to D. magna. F,F,F,I (Leynen et al., 1998)... 

L. Ista, G. Lopez, Lower critical solubihty temperatme materials as biofouling release agents, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 20 (1998) 121-125. 

It is useful to define the different terms concerning antimicrobial agents applied to treat biofouling problems. 

---