Half-automate

Electrical resistivities can be measured on split cores by a half-automated logging system (Berg-mann 1996). It measures the resistivity (R ) and temperature (T) by a small probe which is manually inserted into the upper few millimeters of the sediment. The resistivity (R, ) of the interstitial pore water is simultaneously calculated from a calibration curve which defines the temperature-conductivity relation of standard sea water (35%o salinity) by a fourth power law (Siedler and Peters 1986). 

These constraints make an automated or half automated cable harnessing possible, using the routing constrains as parameters for a spline from which a tube representing the cable is derived [23]. 

The (half) automated apparatus, in principle, facilitate a more reproducible method of working than hand operated apparatus. 

The automated amino acid analy2er depends on ion-exchange chromatography (117) and is now a routine tool for the analysis of amino acid mixtures (118). This most advanced machine can detect as Htde as 10 pmol in ninhydrin reaction analysis. One-half to two hours are required for each analysis. An analysis chart is shown in Figure 2. 

The catalysts were tested for their CO oxidation activity in an automated microreactor apparatus. The catalysts were tested at space velocities of 7,000 -60,000 hr . A small quantity of catalyst (typically 0.1 - 0.5 g.) was supported on a frit in a quartz microreactor. The composition of the gases to the inlet of the reactor was controlled by mass flow controllers and was CO = 50 ppm, CO2 = 0, or 7,000 ppm, HjO = 40% relative humidity (at 25°C), balance air. These conditions are typical of conditions found in spacecraft cabin atmospheres. The temperature of the catalyst bed was measured with a thermocouple placed half way into the catalyst bed, and controlled using a temperature controller. The inlet and outlet CO/CO2 concentrations were measured by non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) monitors. 

Visual inspechon frequently cannot differenhate between an amorphous or crystalline material, e.g. at Pfizer medicinal chemists were required to submit only crystalline and not amorphous compounds to an automated thermodynamic solubility assay. In prachce half the white powders that they produced for the assay and that they thought were crystalline were actually amorphous. Prior to 2000 the vast majority of these medicinal chemistry labs had no melting point equipment and it was only in 2000 that the pharmaceuhcal sciences department started a workshop to teach medicinal chemists the importance of solid state properhes, how to crystallize compounds and the importance of salt forms. 

By automation one can remove the variation of the analysis time or shorten the analysis time. Although the variation of the analysis time causes half of the delay, a reduction of the analysis time is more important. This is also true if, by reducing the analysis time, the utilization factor would remain the same (and thus q) because more samples are submitted. Since p = AT / lAT, any measure to shorten the analysis time will have a quadratic effect on the absolute delay (because vv = AT / (LAT - AT)). As a consequence the benefit of duplicate analyses (detection of gross errors) and frequent recalibration should be balanced against the negative effect on the delay. 

For walkways, where 3 foot-candles is an adequate amount of illumination, two 175-watt R-40 mercury vapor lamps placed every 54 ft may be specified. For these and areas that are used continuously but have adequate windows it may be assumed that the lights are on 4,500 hours per year. (This is approximately half the time.) For some interior areas they may never be turned off. At the other extreme, Sarah Lee has an automated warehouse in which the only time lights are needed is when there is an equipment failure. 

As each component exits the chromatographic column, it is channeled into an infrared (IR) gas cell and the component s IR spectrum obtained. A thermal conductivity detector (TCD) (see Chapter 13) can be used to determine when a component is emerging from the column. The TCD detector does not destroy the sample and none of the common gases used in GC have IR spectra, and thus do not interfere with the spectrum of eluting components. Half-peak height is a common time to obtain the spectrum of that component and the setup for detection and obtaining the spectrum can thus be automated [6,13],... 

Cubic Phase of Boron Nitride c-BN. The cubic phase of boron nitride (c-BN) is one of the hardest materials, second only to diamond and with similar crystal structure. It is the first example of a new material theoretically predicted and then synthesized in laboratory. From automated synthesis a microcrystalline phase of cubic boron nitride is recovered at ambient conditions in a metastable state, providing the basic material for a wide range of cutting and grinding applications. Synthetic polycrystalline diamonds and nitrides are principally used as abrasives but in spite of the greater hardness of diamond, its employment as a superabrasive is limited by a relatively low chemical and thermal stability. Cubic boron nitride, on the contrary, has only half the hardness of diamond but an extremely high thermal stability and inertness. 

Aliphatic and aromatic nucleophilic substitutions with p Fjfluoride are usually performed either on an immediate precursor of the target molecule (direct labelling using a one-step process) or on an indirect precursor followed by one or more chemical steps leading to the target radiotracer. The first approach, if highly desirable, is in fact rarely practicable. The reaction conditions are often not compatible with the structure or with the various chemical functions borne by the radiopharmaceutical. It is therefore common that the radiosynthesis comprises at least two chemical steps first the introduction of fluorine-18 followed by what is often a (multi)deprotection step. It is not unusual either that fluorine-18 is first incorporated into a much simpler and chemically more robust molecule which is then coupled to a more sensitive entity under milder conditions, possibly still followed by a final deprotection step. Suchlike multi-step procedures are possible thanks to the favourable half-life of fluorine-18. However, the more complicated the process, the more chance of side reactions and complicated final purifications (see also Section 2.3), which may seriously hamper the automation of the process. 

Several layers of dry, continuous-strand mat, woven roving, or cloth called preform are placed in the bottom half of a two-part mold, either by a hand-layup or by an automated technique (see Figure 7.90). The mold is closed, and a catalyzed liquid... 

SPARC = SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry, SS = substructure searching STx/2 = soil half-life. 

The Karl Fischer titration,30 which measures traces of water in transformer oil, solvents, foods, polymers, and other substances, is performed half a million times each day.31 The titration is usually performed by delivering titrant from an automated buret or by coulometric generation of titrant. The volumetric procedure tends to be appropriate for larger amounts of water (but can go as low as 1 mg H20) and the coulometric procedure tends to be appropriate for smaller amounts of water. 

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