Guarding

Guarding for electronic and electrical hardware systems should be inspected for exposed, energized (energizeable) surfaces and protection planning. 

Any chain can break in service from the effects of wear and exposure to the atmosphere. Sturdy guarding should be furnished to prevent personal injury or property damage. 

Persons often work near operating chain drives or conveyors. Guarding should be designed to prevent persons from coming in contact with the chain and sprockets during normal operation. 

If a chain breaks while operating on sprockets at speed, the chain can be thrown off the sprockets with considerable force. Guarding should be strong enough to contain a broken chain that may be thrown off the sprockets when operating at speed. 

Sometimes a broken chain can release a load. If that is possible, a brake or other restraining device should be furnished to stop and hold the load if the chain breaks. 

The main steps for installing a chain on a drive or a conveyor include the following  

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Also, if there are two separators, the order of separation can change. The tradeoffs for these two alternative flowsheets will be different. The choice between different separation sequences can be made using the methods described in Chap. 5. However, we should be on guard to the fact that as the reactor conversion changes, the most appropriate sequence also can change. In other words, different separation system structures become appropriate for different reactor conversions. 

We should be on guard for the fact that as the reactor conversion changes, the most appropriate separation sequence also can change. In other words, different separation system structures become appropriate for different reactor conversions. 

Relief systems are expensive and introduce considerable environmental problems. Sometimes it is possibly to dispense with relief valves and all that comes after them by using stronger vessels, strong enough to withstand the highest pressures that can be reached. For example, if the vessel can withstand the pump delivery pressure, then a relief valve for overpressurization by the pump may not be needed. However, there may still be a need for a small relief device to guard against overpressurization in the event of a fire. It may be possible to avoid the need for a relief valve on a distillation column... 

Calculating the hydrate formation temperature is essential when one needs to guard against equipment and line plugging that can result when wet gas is cooled, intentionally or not, below 30°C. 

The additives capable of controlling the octane requirement increase, have as far as they are concerned, a complex structure and are closely guarded industrial secrets. 

Fit a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask with a dropping-funnel, and with an efficient reflux water-condenser having a calcium chloride guard-tube at the top. 

Chill the concentrated solution of the amine hydrochloride in ice-water, and then cautiously with stirring add an excess of 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to liberate the amine. Pour the mixture into a separating-funnel, and rinse out the flask or basin with ether into the funnel. Extract the mixture twice with ether (2 X25 ml.). Dry the united ether extracts over flake or powdered sodium hydroxide, preferably overnight. Distil the dry filtered extract from an apparatus similar to that used for the oxime when the ether has been removed, distil the amine slowly under water-pump pressure, using a capillary tube having a soda-lime guard - tube to ensure that only dry air free from carbon dioxide passes through the liquid. Collect the amine, b.p. 59-61°/12 mm. at atmospheric pressure it has b.p. 163-164°. Yield, 18 g. 

Dissolve 13 g. of sodium in 30 ml. of absolute ethanol in a 250 ml. flask carrying a reflux condenser, then add 10 g. (9 5 ml.) of redistilled ethyl malonate, and place the flask on a boiling water-bath. Without delay, add a solution of 5 3 g. of thiourea in a minimum of boiling absolute ethanol (about 100 ml.). The sodium salt of thiobarbituric acid rapidly begins to separate. Fit the water-condenser with a calcium chloride guard-tube (Fig. 61, p. 105), and boil the mixture on the water-bath for 1 hour. Cool the mixture, filter off the sodium salt at the pump and wash it with a small quantity of cold acetone. Dissolve the salt in warm water and liberate the acid by the addition of 30 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid diluted with 30 ml. of water. Cool the mixture, filter off the thiobarbituric acid, and recrystallise it from hot water. Colourless crystals, m.p. 245 with decomposition (immersed at 230°). Yield, 3 5 -4 0 g. 

The Mariotte bottle. l he perchlorate guard tube is attached by a length of ordinary rubber condenser tubing to the Mariotte bottle W. This is, in effect, a siphon bottle, and the lead-in tube X is a capillary provided with a tap T,. The bent capillaiy (drawn off slightly at the end) serves as exit tube it is fitted into W by a rubber bung and its level may be adjusted. 

Carrying out a combustion. The apparatus (Fig. 85, p. 469) will have been left with the bottle W connected to the beak of the combustion tube via the guard tube V and with all the taps shut, the combustion tube, which is dways allowed to cool down while connected to the oxygen source, will therefore be full of oxygen at slightly above atmospheric pressure, thus preventing any leaking in of carbon dioxide or water vapour from the air. 

At the end of the sweeping out, the tap Ti is first closed, and then the taps T3, T4, Ts and Tj in this order. The tubes R and S are then detached from the beak of the combustion tube, the guard tube V is then detached from them and replaced on the combustion tube beak. The furnace and thermostatic mortar are then switched off and the combustion tube allowed to cool with the tap to the oxygen supply open. The bung J is removed, and the boat withdrawn by means of a piece of rigid copper wire with a small hook in the end that fits into the small hole in the lip at the back of the boat the bung is then replaced and the boat transferred to its block in the desiccator. 

Figs. II, 13, 7 and II, 13, 8 depict various set-ups which involve tlio refluxing of a liquid the Liebig condenser may, of course, be replaced by a double-surface condenser. In Fig. II, 13, 7 a calcium chloride guard protects the contents of the flask from ingress of moisture. The... 

Fit a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask with a dropping funnel and a double surface condenser alternatively, the flask may be provided with a two-way addition tube (Fig. II, 13, 9) and the dropping funnel and condenser inserted into the latter. Place 37 g. (46 ml.) of iso-butyl alcohol (b.p. 106-108°) and 40 g. (41 ml.) of pure pyridine in the flask and 119 g. (73 ml.) of redistilled thionyl chloride in the dropping funnel. Insert a cotton wool or calcium chloride guard tube into the mouth of the funnel. Introduce the thionyl chloride during 3-4 hours a white solid... 

In a 200 ml. distilling flask place 64 g. (50 ml.) of dry n-butyl bromide and 80 g. of dry silver nitrite (1). Insert a reflux condenser, carrying a cotton wool (or calcium chloride) guard tube, into the mouth of the flask and close the side arm with a small stopper. Allow the mixture to stand for 2 hours heat on a steam bath for 4 hours (some brown fumes are evolved), followed by 8 hours in an oil bath at 110°. Distil the mixture and collect the fraction of b.p. 149-151° as pure 1-nitro-n-butane (18 g.). A further small quantity may be obtained by distilling the fractions of low boihng point from a Widmer flask. 

This is more convenient than the conventional calcium chloride guard tube and possesses the advantage of cheapness and lienee can easily be renewed for each experiment. -it is, of course, removed during distillations. 

Into a 1500 ml. three-necked flask, equipped with a dropping funnel, a mercury-sealed stirrer and a double surface condenser (the last-named provided at its upper end with a guard tube filled witla a mixture of... 

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