Growth research directions

It Is apparent from this brief outline that fungi have diverse fatty acid requirements to sustain growth, reflecting their adaptation to a variety of saproblc and parasitic habits. Elucidation of the precise role of specific fatty acids will probably reflect some of the enzymic activities outlined above, and requires research directed towards specific morphogenetic controls before more than the simplest of generalizations can be made. 

Section III examines "The Relationship of Industrial Innovation to Productivity," and concludes that there is consensus of scholars that "the contribution of R D to economic growth Is high." Section IV on "The Relationships Between Universities and Industry" notes the "natural barriers" between university and industry that may obstruct the transfer of academic basic research to industrial utilization. These Include differences with regard to patents, publications, and freedom of research directions. Concludes "the transfer of knowledge between academic science and Industrial application requires active effort on both sides."... 

My own judgment is yes. After all, the universities in 1953 were still evolving from their participation in the military and atomic energy developments of the war years, so that there may well have been too low a level of basic research in the early 1950 s. However, I also believe that we should recognize and encourage the growth of "directed basic research," that is, basic research in areas where we have reason to believe that scientific knowledge could lead to desired developments. I will expand on this at a later point. 

Development of inexpensive electrocatalysts For instance, Pb nanoparticles covered with a monolayer of Pt could be an option of an inexpensive electrocatalyst, although it is very challenging to make such a structure (e.g., the large lattice mismatch between Pt and Pb prohibits the epitaxial growth of Pt on Pb). Ultimately, non-noble-metal electrocatalyst is expected to be the main research direction for DFAFC applications. 

Interferons (lENs) (52,53), a family of species-specific vertebrate proteins, confer nonspecific resistance to a broad range of viral infections, affect cell proliferation, and modulate immune responses. AH three principal interferons, a-interferon (lEN-a) produced by blood leucocytes, P-interferon (lEN-P) by fibroblasts, and y-interferon (lEN-y) by lymphocytes, also have antiviral activity. The abiUty of interferons to inhibit growth of transplantable and carcinogen-induced tumor led to research showing the direct antiproliferative and indirect immune-mediated antitumor activities (see Chemotherapeutics, anticancer). IENs have been found to be efficacious in certain malignancies and viral infections, eg, hairy cell leukemia (85% response) and basal cell carcinoma (86% response). However, the interferons do have adverse side effects (54). 

The need for weU-trained technical service professionals is expected to continue as an essential aspect of the chemical industry, despite the phenomenal growth ia electronic methods of information storage, retrieval, and transmission. Advanced troubleshooting of complex customer processes and accelerated accurate product development and market introductions should continue to be principal elements of technical service personnel duties. Increased levels of integration, perhaps blurring the lines between suppHer and customer, may come to pass. There are already instances of personnel swapping between customers and suppHers for extended periods to allow cross-fertilization of ideas and provide more accurate perspectives for the companies involved in these efforts. Technical service and research personnel have been those persons most directly involved in such efforts. 

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