Satellite imaging

Human activity, particularly in the developing world, continues to make it more difficult to sustain the world s biomass growth areas. It has been estimated that tropical forests are disappearing at a rate of tens of thousands of hm per year. Satellite imaging and field surveys show that Brazil alone has a deforestation rate of approximately 8 x 10 hm /yr (5). At a mean net carbon yield for tropical rain forests of 9.90 t/hm yr (4) (4.42 short ton /acreyr), this rate of deforestation corresponds to a loss of 79.2 x 10 t/yr of net biomass carbon productivity. 

A. Arneodo, B. Audit, N. Decoster, J.-F. Muzy, and C. Vaillant, Wavelet based multifractal formalism Application to DNA sequences, satellite images of the cloud structure and stock market data, in The Science of Disasters Climate Disruptions, Heart Attacks, and Market Crashes, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002, pp. 26-102. 

Satellite images can reveal information about crop growth and potential pest infestation. The darker areas of this infrared satellite image show where corn growth has been stunted by some form of infestation. 

Satellite images of the Southern Hemisphere, showing concentrations of chlorine monoxide adjacent to concentrations of stratospheric ozone in September 1996. 

FIGURE 9.18 A false- color satellite image of the ozone hole over Antarctica on September 26, 2002. The lowest ozone concentrations are represented by the black and violet regions, where ozone levels are up to 50% lower than normal. 

Figure 8.3 This is an October 1,1998, NASA satellite image of the ozone hole over the South Pole. The hole was alarmingly large, most likely due to an overabundance of CFCs in the atmosphere that break apart the oxygen molecules of the ozone layer.

Building and testing efficiency of solar cells Earth observations and satellite imaging... 

Fig-1 Ice in the Sea of Azov revealed from a MODIS-Aqua satellite image on March 10, 2006. Image courtesy of D.M. Soloviev, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Sevastopol, Ukraine... 

But again, there are at least anecdotal reports that adults, too, may overextend qualities of symbols and referents. For example, adults often become confused when vegetation is represented by red (as it is on false color satellite images), or as when water is represented in brown (as when a New York City subway map had to be recalled because the brown used to represent rivers confused so many users). As reviewed next, confusions are not confined to interpretations of individual symbols, but are also found in the interpretation of the spatial properties of maps. 

Tiesi A, Villani MG, D Isidoro M, Praia AJ, Maurizi A, Tampieri E (2006) Estimation of dispersion coefficient in the troposphere from satellite images of volcanic plumes. Atmos Environ 40 628-638. doi 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.079 Villani MG, Mona L, Maurizi A, Pappalardo G, Tiesi A, Pandolfi M, D Isidoro M, Cuomo V, Tampieri F (2006) Transport of volcanic aerosol in the troposphere the case study of the 2002 Etna plume. JGeophys Res 111 D21102. doi 10.1029/2006JD00712... 

O3 destruction is most severe in the region of the South Pole, where a large ozone hole is visible with satellite imaging. 

Petroleum exploration and production activities are performed primarily by geologists, geophysicists, and engineers. Geologists look for areas of the earth where sediments accumulate. They then examine the area of interest more closely to determine whether or not source rocks and reservoir rocks exist there. They examine the rocks at the surface of the earth and information from wells drilled in the area. Geologists also examine satellite images of large or remote areas to evaluate the rocks more quickly. 

Underway Analysis of the Sea Surface. All in situ measurements are made while underway to minimize the problem of comparing data collected almost instantaneously by the satellite with time-integrated data collected by the ship. In the June 1980 study, measurements were made at 9 knots, but the speed decreased as weather and high seas increased. Thermal calibrations of the satellite images were based on ship data collected nearest in time to the satellite overpass. 

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