Growth abnormalities inhibition

Mn2+ active transport system in Staphylococcus aureus. These metal-microbe interactions result in decrease microbial growth, abnormal morphological changes, and inhibition of biochemical processes in individual (Akmal et al. 2005a,b). The toxic effects of metals can be seen on a community level as well. In response to metal toxicity, overall community numbers and diversity decrease. Soil is a living system where all biochemical activities proceed through enzymatic processes. Heavy metals have also adverse effects on enzyme activities (Fig. 1). 

No developmental effects (soft tissue changes, skeletal abnormalities, inhibition of fetal growth) were noted in the fetuses of female rats exposed to 400 ppm home heating oil no. 2,408.8 ppm fuel oil UNSP, or 401.5 ppm diesel fuel vapor by inhalation during gestation days 6-15 (API 1979c, 1979g Bellies and Mecler 1983). Only one study was located for each fuel oil for these effects. 

Ferry DR, Smith A, Malkhandi J, F e DW, deTakats PG, Anderson D, Baker J, Kerr DJ (1996) Phase 1 clinical trial of the flavonoid quercetin pharmacokinetics and evidence for in vivo tyrosine kinase inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2 659-668 Findik D, Song Q, Hidaka H, Lavin M (1995) Protein kinase A inhibitors enhance radiation-induced apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 57 12-21 Fine RL, Patel J, Chabner BA (1988) Phorbol esters induce multidrug resistance in human breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 85 582-586 Finkenzeller G, Marme D, Hug H (1992) Inducible overexpression of human protein kinase C in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts results in growth abnormalities. Cell Signall 4 163-177... 

Cell growth was inhibited dose-dependently after exposure to the test solutions with concentrations from 10 ig/ml to 100 pg/ml (Fig. 1). Fig. 2 shows a normal cell surface as a control. Four min exposure to 50 Xg/ml of the drug caused a decrease in cell population of 20% and a partial loss of microvilli (Fig. 3). Flow cytometry did not reveal any abnormal DNA histograms (Fig. 4). 

Parasorbic acid (Figure 2) was isolated from fruits of Sorbus aucuparia. Germination of mustard seed Sinapis alba) was affected adversely by parasorbic acid at 3.5 X 10-3 M and growth of excised tomato roots was inhibited at approximately 8.5 X 10 4 M (25). The acid also antagonized indoleacetic acid (IAA) in the Avena assay. Cornman 29,30) reported that parasorbic acid slowed down mitosis. Metaphase stages were observed to accumulate, but abnormalities were not detected. 

Representative nickel-sensitive aquatic species show sublethal effects at 11.7 to 125 pg Ni/L. These effects include altered immunoregulatory mechanisms in tissues of the rainbow trout at 11.7 pg/L (Bowser etal. 1994), inhibited reproduction of daphnids at 30 pg/L, growth inhibition of freshwater and marine algae at 30 to 125 pg/L, reduced growth of rainbow trout at 35 pg/L, accumulation from the medium by mussels at 56 pg/L, and abnormal development of sea urchin embryos at 58 pg/L (NRCC 1981 WHO 1991 Outridge and Scheuhammer 1993 Table 6.7). 

Reproductive impairment seems to be one of the more sensitive indicators of zinc stress in freshwater teleosts, with effects evident in the range 50 to 340 pg Zn/L (Spear 1981). In some cases, reproduction was almost totally inhibited at zinc concentrations that had no effect on survival, growth, or maturation of these same fish (Brungs 1969). Zinc-induced developmental abnormalities were documented in marine teleosts, but concentrations tested were grossly elevated. Eggs of the Baltic herring (Clupea harengus), for example, exposed to >6 mg Zn/L have an altered rate of development and produce deformed larvae with cellular disruptions in the brain, muscle, and epidermis (Somasundaram 1985 Somasundaram et al. 1985). 

Specimens from Radio Is., North Carolina (not a true tropical system, see text for details) Pachydictyol A inhibits the sea urchin A. punctulata and dictyol A acetate inhibits this sea urchin species, the amphipod Ampithoe longimana, and the pinlish /,. rhomboides (Bolser and Hay 1996). Pachydictyol A, dictyol B acetate, dictyol E, and dictyodial, also obtained from the same specimens, cause larval mortality, abnormal development, and reduced growth in bryozoans and hydroid species (Schmitt et al. 1998)... 

The mechanism of G a disease may resnlt from insnfficient parathyroid hormone-related peptide signaling by the parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHRl) in chondrocytes. This deficiency may inhibit the differentiation of chondrocytes within the endochondral growth plate (88,89). A variety of parathyroid hormone abnormalities can result. 

Fetner has also demonstrated chromatid breaks in a human tissue-culture cell line exposed to ozone at 8 ppm for 5 min. Other tissue-culture studies include that of Sachsenmaier et who noted tetraploidy and other chromosomal abnormalities in embryonic chick fibroblasts exposed to ozone and a decrease in transplantability of mouse ascites tumor cells. In addition, Pace et demonstrated an interference by ozone with mitotic activity in two tissue-culture cell lines. More recently, Booher et al. reported that lung cells exposed in culture to ozone concentrations as low as 0.3 ppm demonstrated an inhibition in growth that was proportional to the ozone concentration. 

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