Sea-urchin embryos

Edgecombe, M, Patel, R., and Whitaker, M. (1991). Acyclin-abundance cycle-independent p34 fc2 tyrosjne phosphorylation cycle in early sea urchin embryos. EMBO J. 10 3769-3775. 

Interestingly, prolonged duration of the first embryonic M phase is also observed in other mammalian and non-mammalian embryos. It was found in rabbit embryos (X. Yang M. Deng, personal communication) and in sea urchin embryos (J. Z. Kubiak P. Cormier, unpublished observation). Further studies will show whether it is a rule during animal development. 

Durkina, V.B. and Z.S. Evtushenko. 1991. Changes in activity of certain enzymes in sea urchin embryos and larvae after exposure of adult organisms to heavy metals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 72 111-115. 

Representative nickel-sensitive aquatic species show sublethal effects at 11.7 to 125 pg Ni/L. These effects include altered immunoregulatory mechanisms in tissues of the rainbow trout at 11.7 pg/L (Bowser etal. 1994), inhibited reproduction of daphnids at 30 pg/L, growth inhibition of freshwater and marine algae at 30 to 125 pg/L, reduced growth of rainbow trout at 35 pg/L, accumulation from the medium by mussels at 56 pg/L, and abnormal development of sea urchin embryos at 58 pg/L (NRCC 1981 WHO 1991 Outridge and Scheuhammer 1993 Table 6.7). 

Timourian, H. and G. Watchmaker. 1972. Nickel uptake by sea urchin embryos and their subsequent development. Jour. Exper. Zool. 182 379-387. 

White SJ, Jacobs RS (1983) Effect of stypoldione on cell-cycle progression, DNA and protein-synthesis, and cell-division in cultured sea urchin embryos. Mol Pharmacol 24 500-508... 

The use of urea triton gel electrophoresis (Zweidler and Cohen, 1972 Alfageme et al., 1974) has permitted the further resolution of histone fractions and the identification of histone variants. Microcomponents or variants of histone HI have been known for a long time (for references, see Cole, 1977). Recently, it has been shown that microcomponents or variants of histones H2B, H2A, and H3 occur in many systems (Marzluff et al., 1972 Laine et al., 1976 Garrard, 1976 Blankstein and Levy, 1976 Zweidler, 1976 Franklin and Zweidler, 1977). Furthermore, in sea urchin embryo the synthesis of new histone variants has been correlated with development (Cohen et al., 1975 Newrock et al., 1978 Von Holt et al., 1979). 

During the first few cell divisions of the sea urchin embryo the major histones incorporated into the chromatin are the cleavage stage or CS variants [124]. CS histones are stored in the egg and are translated from stored mRNAs [124-126]. CS H2A, CS H2B, and CS H3 have distinct sequences, while the sequence of the H4... 

Alternatively, poor efficiencies of inhibitor mRNAs may be due to their Incorporation into rlbonucleoproteln particles (RNPs) such as found in sea urchin embryos (21). Newly made mRNA in the embryos is found in RNPs and they apparently have "weak" template activities while in these particles. The presence of newly synthesized tomato mRNA in similar particles might explain the apparently low translational efficiencies noted herein. The use of chaotropic buffers in the preparation of tomato leaf mRNA (11) would not differentiate between free or polysome-bound mRNAs and those complexed in RNPs. If an RNP or similar particle is involved, then its role must be a temporal one since a second wound does not repeat the phenomenon (Fig. 4). 

Japanese specimens of Jaspis sp. The jaspisins (520-521) inhibited hatching of sea urchin embryos and the narains (522-523) induced metamorphosis in ascidian larvae. Three 3,4-dihydroxystyrene sulfate dimers (524-526) were also isolated from the same Jaspis species [441]. 

Amemiya, S., Yonemura, S., Kinosita, S., and Shiroya, T., Biphasic stage sensitivity to UV suppression of grastrulation in sea urchin embryos, Cell Differ., 18, 45, 1986. 

Rustad, R., Irradiation, chemical treatment and the cleavage-cycle and cleavage pattern alteration, in The Sea Urchin Embryo Biochemistry and Morphogenesis, Czihak, G., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1975, 345. 

Romano, G., Russo, G. L., Buttino, I., lanora. A., andMiralto, A. (2003). A marine diatom-derived aldehyde induces apoptosis in copepod and sea Urchin embryos. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 3487-3494. 

Raocyclamides A 276 and B 275 (Section 4.06.11.3.2) were isolated from cyanobacterium Oscillatoria raoi and exhibit moderate cytotoxic activity against sea urchin embryos <1996JNP396, 1998TL3251>. 

Kitaj ima T. and Okazaki K. (1980) Spicule formation in vitro by the descendents of precocious micromere formed at the 8-cell stage of sea urchin embryo. Dev. Growth Differ. 22, 266-279. 

The completion of the total synthesis of 7,ll-e/ /-thyrsiferol (140), a novel analogue of the thyrsiferol family of compounds, prompted us to investigate its potential anticancer properties. To examine the pharmacological profile of 140, we selected sea urchin embryos as a biological system for the in vitro evaluation of antimitotic activity [76]. 

The effect of 140 on different stages of the cell cycle was determined by adding 30 gg of it i.e., the concentration that produces 100% inhibition of the first mitosis) at 10 min intervals after fertilization to aliquots of sea urchin embryos. Preliminary results showed that the maximal inhibition of embryonic cleavage continued to occur even when 140 was added as late as 70 min after fertilization the inhibition declined steeply when 140 was added 80 min after fertilization, Fig. (10). Thus, identification of cell cycle phases that are sensitive to the drug suggests that 140 is effective prior to metaphase of the cell cycle. 

Buznikov GA, Nikitina LA, Bezuglov W, et al. An invertebrate model of the developmental neurotoxicity of insecticides Effects of chlorpyrifos and dieldrin in sea urchin embryos and larvae. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 109 651-661. 

Chlorambucil is harmful to aquatic organisms such as daphnids. Solutions as low as 0.13 mmol caused mortality in sea urchin embryos. 

---