Groundwater pesticide contamination

Gonsalves CM, Esteves da Silva JCG, Alpendurada MF (2007) Evaluation of the pesticide contamination of groundwater sampled over two years from a vulnerable zone in Portugal. J Agric Food Chem 55 6227-6235... 

Mostaghimi S, McClellan PW, Cooke RA. 1993. Pesticide contamination of groundwater in Virginia BMP impact assessment. Water Sci Technol 28(3) 379-387. 

Rao PSC, Hornsby AG, Jessup RE. 1985. Indices for ranking the potential for pesticide contamination of groundwater. Proceedings of the Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida 44 1-8. 

Outside Spain, the profile of pesticide contamination is fairly similar. For instance, Kolpin et al. [28] analysed pesticides in groundwater samples from the United States and found, in samples taken in 2001, triazine concentrations between 50 and 620 ng/L. In groundwater samples collected in Portugal between 2005 and 2008, atrazine and terbuthylazine were also detected [16]. 

Milhome MAE, de Sousa DDB, Lima PDF et al (2009) Assessment of surface and groundwater potential contamination by agricultural pesticides applied in the region of Baixo Jaguaribe, CE, Brazil. Engenharia Sanitaria E Ambiental 14 363-372... 

Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from Agricultural Uses... 

Zalkln, F, Wllkerson, M, Oshlma, R.J. "Pesticide Movement to Groundwater, Volume II. Pesticide Contamination In the Soil Profile at DBCP, EDB, Slmazlne and Carbofuran Application Sites" California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1983, Sacramento, California 95814 In review. 

Trans Coastal Marine Services (formerly Envirosystems, Inc.) and Louisiana State University (LSU) have developed several bioreactor systems to facihtate petroleum hydrocarbon mineralization and the bioremediation of organic wood preservatives utilizing an immobilized microbe bioreactor (IMBR) technology. These technologies can treat petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, pesticide-contaminated soils, and contaminated groundwater. 

Water pollution may be caused by agricultural activities and has increased continually over the last few years. A wide variety of pesticides reach the soil in the agricultural areas where they are applied, but they can also be carried off by leaching as a consequence of water displacement in the soil environment or runoff (4-6). Some of this surface and groundwater is supplied as drinking water because of this, it is necessary to screen them for pesticide contamination. 

Williamson, D. F., Hoenke, K., Wyatt, J., and Anderson, J. (2000). Construction of a funnel-and-gate treatment system for pesticide-contaminated groundwater, T1 International Conference on Remediation of chlorinated and recalcitrant compounds, 22-25 May, 2000, Monterey, CA. 

Heindel JJ, Chapin RE, Gulati DK, et al. (1994) Assessment of the reproductive and developmental toxicity of pesticide/fertilizer mixtures based on confirmed pesticide contamination in California and Iowa groundwater. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 22 605-621. 

Zalkin, F. Wilkerson, M. Oshima, R. J. Pesticide Movement to Groundwater. Vol. II. Pesticide Contamination in the Soil Profile at DBCP, EDB, Simazine and Carbofuran Application Sites" Calif. Dept. Food and Agric. Sacramento, Calif. Final Rep., EPA Grant E009155-79 1984. 

In Table I an idea of the scope of the problem of pesticide contamination in groundwater is given by listing some of the pesticide chemicals which are being most commonly encountered. It is only a partial list but represents the most commonly occurring chemicals, in particular those arising from agricultural use, and the ones which are considered in this section. 

Most of this contamination arises from the use of pesticides In agriculture but some pesticide contamination of groundwater has arisen In the same manner as from Industrial chemicals, namely from careless use and poor housekeeping 1n Industrial plants. The contamination by pentachlorophenol(PCP) 1s thought to arise from the use of this chemical for treating poles 1n manufacturing plants. 

As already mentioned, three soil fumigants, shown below, along with their chemical structures, are presenting probably the greatest problem of groundwater chemical contamination by pesticides in California. 

An additional factor contributing to the proliferation of reports on pesticide contamination of groundwater is ease of pesticide analysis. Pesticides are a predefined analytical target. Federal regulations [2] require the development of defined analytical methods which make identification easier than many other materials, especially natural products. Finally, the current interest in pesticides in groundwater probably focuses efforts which may otherwise have been directed to other chemicals. 

Cohen, S.Z. Creeger, S.M. Carsel, R.F. Enfield, C.G. "Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater Resulting from Agricultural Uses" In Treatment and Diposal of Pesticide Wastes, Eds. Krueger, R.F. Seiber, J.N., ACS Symposium Series 259, Washington, DC, 1984. p. 297-325. 

Pionke, H.B., Glofelty, D.E., Lucas, A.D., Urban, J.B., 1988 Pesticide contamination of Groundwater in the Mahantango Greec Watershed, Pennsylvania, USA, J.Environ.Qual., 17, 76-84. 

As regard pesticide contamination, residual concentrations (Table 5) were found in one third of the samples taken from surface groundwater. By considering the positive samples, the MAC limit for drinking water was exceeded in 13 of the samples. ... 

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