Greenshell mussel

Murata, K. Satake, M. Naoki, H. Kaspar, H.F. Yasumoto, T. (1998) Isolation and structure of a new brevetoxin analog, brevetoxin B2, from greenshell mussels from New Zealand. Tetrahedron, 54, 735-42. 

The cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi from New Zealand contained brevetoxin Bi (225) [230] and the greenshell mussel, Pema canaliculus contained brevetoxin B3 (226) [231]. A further brevetoxin analogue, brevetoxin B2 (227) was isolated from the hepatopancreas of P. canaliculus [232], while the major toxin in neurological shellfish poisoning (NSP) associated with P. canaliculus was identified as brevetoxin B4 (228) [233]. 

Ishida, H., Nozawa, A., Nukaya, H., Rhodes, L., McNabb, P, Holland, PT, Tsuji, K. 2004a. Confirmation of brevetoxin metabolism in cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi, and greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus, associated with New Zealand neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, by controlled exposure to Karenia brevis culture. Toxicon 43, 701-712. 

Morohashi, A., Satake, M., Naoki, H., Kasper, H.F., Oshima, Y, Yasumoto, T. 1999. Brevetoxin B4 isolated from greenshell mussels Pema canaliculus, the major toxin involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in New Zealand. Natural Toxins 7, 45 8. 

Daiguji, M., Satake, M., James, K.J., Bishop, A., MacKenzie, L., Naoki, H., and Yasumoto, T. 1998. Structures of new pectenotoxin analogs, pectenotoxin-2 seco acid and 7-e/7z-pectenotoxin-2 seco acid, isolated from a dinoflagellate and greenshell mussels. Chem Lett 653-654. 

MacKenzie, L., Holland, R, McNabb, R, Beuzenberg, V, Selwood, A., and Suzuki, T. 2002. Complex toxin profiles in phytoplankton and Greenshell mussels (Perna canaliculus), revealed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Toxicon 40, 1321-1330. 

MacKenzie, L., Holland, P, McNabb, R, Beuzenberg, V, Selwood, A., and Suzuki, T. 2002. Complex toxin profiles in phytoplankton and Greenshell mussels (Rerna canaliculus), revealed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Toxicon 40, 1321-1330. MacKenzie, A.L., Beuzenberg, Y, Holland, R.T., McNabb, R, and Selwood, A.R. 2004. Solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) a new monitoring tool that simulates the biotoxin contamination of filter-feeding bivalves. Toxicon 44 901-918. 

Whyte, A.L.H., Raumati, H.G., Greening, G.E., Gibbs-Smith, E., Gardner, J.P.A. Human dietary exposure to heavy metals via the consumption of greenshell mussels (Pema canaliculus Gmelin 1791) from the Bay of Islands, northern New Zealand. Sci. Total Environ. 407, 4348 355 (2009)... 

New Zealand greenshell mussels (Perna canaliculus) by high-pressure processing (400MPa) has potential benefits in product quality, increased yield, and inactivation... 

Eletcher, G.C., Youssef, J.F., and Gupta, S. 2008. Research issues in inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes associated with New Zealand Greenshell mussel meat (Perna canaliculus) using high pressure processing. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 17 173-194. 

Suzuki, T. et al., Pectenotoxin-2 seco acid a toxin converted from pectenotoxin-2 by the New Zealand Greenshell mussels, Pema canaliculatus, Toxicon, 39, 507, 2001. 

The method was applied for the analysis of greenshell mussels naturally contaminated with YTX. CE resulted in a promising alternative for the analysis of YTX, even though improvements in the sensitivity of the technique are still required. 

Pectenotoxin Profiles after the Incubation of Pectenotoxin-2 with Greenshell Mussel (P. canaliculus) Extracts... 

Blue mussel Soft-shell clam Blue mussel Horse mussel Sea scallop Razor clam Dungeness crab Northern anchovy Blue crab Rock crab Stone crab Spiny lobster Maori scallop Greenshell mussel Pacific oyster New Zealand cockle Chilean oyster Tuata surf clam Mediterranean mussel Sea scallop... 

Ishida et al. (1995) hrst described a new water-soluble polyether BTX analogue (Bl) isolated from New Zealand cockles (Austrovenus stuchburyi). BTX-Bl is the taurine conjugate of PbTx-2 and was the predominant BTX metabolite produced within the cockle. BTX-Bl was not ichthyo-toxic. It was only found in low levels in Greenshell mussels (Perna canaliculus) and not at all in Pacihc oysters (Crassostrea gigas). PbTx-3 was found in all three species (Nozawa et al., 2003) and parent PbTx-2 in Cr. gigas (Ishida et al., 1996). 

Ishida, H., Nozawa, A., Nukaya, H., and Tsuji, K. Comparative concentrations of brevetoxins PbTx-2, PbTx-3, BTX-Bl, and BTX-B5 in cocMe Austrovems stuchburyi, greenshell mussel, Pema canaliculus, and Pacific oyster, Cmssostem gigas, involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in New Zealand, Toxicon, 43, 779-789, 2004c. 

Further analytical studies have revealed the presence of gymnodimine not only in New Zealand oysters but also in Greenshell mussels (Perna canaliculus), blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), scallops (Pecten novaezelandiae), pipis (Paphies australis), and paua (Haliotis iris) [7,8]. More recently, gymnodimine has been identified in clams (Ruditapes decussatus) from Tunisia [9], and the presence of gymnodimine in Canadian waters has also been reported [10]. 

In molluscs, exciting success was reported in the cryopreservation of the very small mature oocytes of Pacific oysters (Tervit et al., 2005). Using very low cooling rates in EG obtained fertilization rates above 50%. Greenshell mussel (Perma canaliculus) ooqdes, however, did not handle cryopreservation very well, most likely due to chilling sensitivity (Adams et al, 2009). 

---